Abba, A. , Dhafer Ahmed Alzahrani, Samaila Samaila Yaradua, Enas Albokhari. 2019. Conservation of Saudi Arabian flora for their medicinal uses. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) 14 (5): 78-82.

Abbas, J.A.; El- Oqlah, A.A. and Mahasneh,A.M. 1992. Herbal plants in the traditional medicine of Bahrain, Eco. Bot. 46(2): 158-163.

Abba, A. , Dhafer Ahmed Alzahrani, Samaila Samaila Yaradua, Enas Albokhari. 2019. Conservation of Saudi Arabian flora for their medicinal uses. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) 14 (5): 78-82.

Abdallah, E.M. & El Ghazali, G.E. 2013. Screening for antimicrobial activity of some plants from Saudi folk medicine. Global J. Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. 2(4): 210-218.

Abdulmoniem MA, Saadab AMA, 2006. Antifungal activity of some Saudi plants used in traditional medicine. Asian J. Plant Sci., 5: 907-909.

Abulfatih, H.A. 1987. Medicinal plants in South Western Saudi Arabia. Eco. Bot. 41 (3): 354-60.

Ageel, A.M.; Parmar, N.S.; Mossa, J.S.; Al-Yahya, M.A.; Al-Said, M.S. and Tariq, M. 1985. Anti-inflammatory activity of some Saudi Arabian medicinal plants Agents and Actions, 17,(3/4): 383-384.

Ageel, A.M., Mossa, J.S., Tariq, M, Al-Yahya, M.A., Saied, M.S. 1987. Saudi plants used in traditional medicine. Riyadh: King Abdul Aziz City for Science and Technology.

Ageel, AM; Mossa, J.S., Tariq, M., Al-Yahya, MA, Saied, M.S. 1987. Plants in Saudi Arabia used for folk medicine. Riyadh: King Saud University Press.

Ahmad, H.A.(Alfarhan, A.H.), Ghazanfar, S.A. 1991. Conservation of medicinal plants on the Arabian Peninsula. Two case studies: Med. Plant Conservation, 3: 15-16 IUCN.

Alfarhan, A.H. (2000) Plants of economic importance. Folklore Encyclopedia of Saudi Arabia, The circle for information Co. Ltd. Saudi Arabia.

Al-Asmari, A.K.;   Al-Elaiwi, A.M.;   Athar, M.T.; Tariq, M.;  Al Eid, A. and Saeed M. Al-Asmary, S.M. 2014. A Review of Hepatoprotective Plants Used in Saudi Traditional Medicine. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/890842

Alharbi, N.A. 2017. Survey of Plant Species of Medical Importance to Treat Digestive Tract Diseases in Tabuk Region, Saudi Arabia. JKAU: Sci., 29. (1): 51-61

Al-Qurainy, F.; Gaafar, A.Z; Khan, S., M. Nadeem, M.; Tarroum, M.; Alaklabi, A. and Thomas, J. 2013. Antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Breonadia salicina (Rubeaceae), an endangered medicinal plant of Saudi Arabia.  Genetics and Molecular Research 12 (3): 3212-3219

Ali B.H.; Bashir A.K. and Rasheed R.A. 2011.Effect of the traditional medicinal plants Rhazy.a stricta, Balanitis aegyptiaca and Haplophyllum tuberculatum on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Phytother Res. 15(7):598-603.

Al-Said MS. 1993. Traditional medicinal plants of Saudi Arabia. Am J Chin Med. 21(3-4): 291-298.

Al-Shanwani M. 1996. Plants used in Saudi folk medicine. King Abdul Aziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh.

Alsherif, E.A.; Ayesh, A.M.; Allogmani, A.S. and Rawi, S.M. 2012. Exploration of wild plants wealth with economic importance tolerant to difficult conditions in Khulais Governorate, Saudi Arabia Scientific Research and Essays Vol. 7(45): 3903-3913.

Al-Sherif, E.A. ; Ayesh, A.M.; Rawi, S.M. 2013. Floristic composition, life form and chorology of plant life at Khulais Region, Westrern Saudi Arabia. Pak. J. Bot. 45(1): 29-38

Atiqur Rahman, M.; Mossa, J.S. Al-Said, M.S. and Al-Yahya, M.A. 2004. Medicinal plant diversity in the flora of Saudi Arabia 1: a report on seven plant families . Fitoterapia 75(2): 149-161

Ayensu, E.S. 1979. Plants for medicinal uses with special reference to arid zones 117-178. in: Goodin, J.R. and Northington, D.K. (eds.) Arid land plant resources. Lubbock, Texas.

Bailey, C. & Danin, A. 1981. Bedouin plant utilization in Sinai and the Negev. Eco. Bot. 35(2): 145-162.

Bailey, C. 1974. Bedouin weddings in Sinai and the Negev. in I. Ben-Ami, (ed) Studies in marriage customs pp. 113-115. Folklore Research Centre studies IV. Hebrew Univ., Jerusalem.

Bailey, C. 1974. Bedouin star-lore in Sinai and the Negev. Bull. school Orient. African Stud. 37: 584-586.

Bailey, C. 1977. Bedouin place names in Sinai and the Negev. in Bailey, C. (ed) Notes on the Bedouins, pp. 64-68. VII. Midrashat Sde Boker.

Balfour, I. B. 1888. The Botany of Socotra and Abd el Kuri. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 31.

Batanouny, K.H. 1986. Medicinal plants in the Arab Countries. A plenary paper presented before the Conference on the Medicinal Plants and their Development in the Arab World. Baghdad, Iraq. November 24-26, 1986 (in Arabic). Proceedings published by the Union of Arab Research Centres, Baghdad 1989, pp.41-63.

Beek, G.W. van 1958. Frankincense and Myrrh in Ancient South Arabia. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 78, no 3 Jul-Sep 1958, pp 141-152

Blair, H. 1970. Maternal and Health Manuel, Part II. ARAMCO, Dhaharan, Saudi Arabia.

Carter, H. J. 1848. Frankinecense in Arabia. J. Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 2: 380-390.

El-Ghazali, G.E; Al-Khalifa, K.S.; Saleem, G.A. and Abdallah, E.M. 2010. Traditional medicinal plants indigenous to Al-Rass province, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 4(24): 2680-2683.

El-shabasy, A. 2017. Problems of medicinal plant in Jazan region and solutions, Asian J Med Health Res. 2(1): 8-20

El-Sheikh, A.M.1982.  Survey of the Most Important Medicinal Plants in Qassim and Their Uses. Saudi Medical J. Monogr. No. 1, 99-106.

Fahmy, I.R. 1956. The medicinal plants of the Middle East. Labanese Pharm. J. 4(1): 12-56.

Ghazanfar, S.A. 1994. Arabian Medicinal Plants. CRC Press.

Ghazanfar, S.A. 1996. Traditional health plants of the Arabian Peninsula. Plants for Food and Medicine. Paper presented at the joint meeting of the Society fro Economic Botany and International Society for Ethnopharmacology. 1-7 July, 1996, London.

Ghazanfar, S.A.1996. ‘Plants of economic importance.’ In: Ghazanfar, S.A. and Fisher, M. (eds) Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula, pp 241–264. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT 2010 COUNTRY REPORT SAUDI ARABIA. Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Grainger, J. & Llewellyn, O.A. 1994. Sustainable use: lessons from a cultural tradition in Saudi Arabia. Parks 4(3): 8–16.

Hegazy, A.K.; A. A. Alatar, Thomas, J., M. Faisal, A. H. Alfarhan and K. Krzywinski 2014. Compatibility and complementarity of indigenous and scientific knowledge of wild plants in the highlands of southwest Saudi Arabia. Journal of Forestry Research 25(2): 437-444.

Hepper, F.N. 1969. Arabian and African Frankincense Trees. J. Egyptian Archaeol., 55: 66-72.H

Hassan, W.H.B., El Gamal, A.A., El-Sheddy, E. Al-Oquil, M. and Farshori, N.N. 2014. The chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Lavandula coronopifolia growing in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 6(2): 604-615

Khairallah, A.A. 1946. Outline to Arabic contributions to medicine. American Press. Beirut, Lebanon.

Kotschy, t. 1866. Plantae arabicae in ditionibus Hedschas, asyr et El Arysch a medico germanico nomine ignoto, in El Arysch defuncto, annis 1836-1838 collectae. Sitzber. akad. d. Wiss. Wien, Mathem.-naturw. Kl., 52, 1 Abt. pp. 251-264.

Kuete, V ; Wiench, B ; Alsaid, MS ; Alyahya, MA ; Fankam, AG ; Shahat, AA ; Efferth, T . 2013. Cytotoxicity, mode of action and actibacterial activities of selected Saudi Arabian medicinal plants. BMC Complementary and alternative medicine.  13:  354

Long, H.S.; Tilney, P.M. & Van Wyk, B.E. 2010. The ethnobotany and pharmacognosy of Olea europaea subsp. africana (Oleaceae). South African Journal of Botany 76:  324–331.

Mandaville, J.P. 2011. Bedouin Ethnobotany: Plant Concepts and Uses in a Desert Pastoral World. University of Arizona Press, Arizona

Miller, A. G., Morris, M., Alexander, D. & Atkinson, R. 2004: Ethnoflora of the Soqotra archipelago. – Edinburgh

Miller, A. G. & Morris, M. 1988. Plants of Dhofar, the southern region of Oman. The office of the Adviser for Conservation of the environment, Diwan of Royal Court, Sultanate of Oman.  

Mossa, J. S, Al-Yahya, M. A. & Al-Meshal, I.A. 1987: Medicinal Plants of Saudi Arabia. Vol. 1. King Saud Univ. Libraries Publications. Riyadh, KSA.

Mossa, J. S, Al-Yahya, M. A. & Al-Meshal, I.A. 2000: Medicinal Plants of Saudi Arabia. Vol. 2. King Fahad National Libraries,. Riyadh, KSA.

Mutwally, H.M.A. and Meelad, M.M.H.   1997. A Series on the medicinal effects of wild plants of Saudi Arabia.  2b. Effect of water extract of mutant Cassia senna on the spontaneous activity of locust foregut and hindgut muscles. Symposium on Herbal Medicine, King Fahad Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Rahman, M.A., J.S. Mossa, M.S. Al-Said and M.A. Al-Yahya.2004. Medicinal plant diversity in the flora of Saudi Arabia 1: A report on seven plant families. Fitoterapia, 75: 149-161.

Ramadan A. Shawky, Nurah M. Alzamel. 2020. Survey on medicinal plants in the flora of Al Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia, EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 14: 3795-3800

Saganuwan A.S. 2010. Some medicinal plants of Arabian Peninsula. J. Med. Plants Res., 4(9): 766-788.

Schonig, H. 1995. Traditional cosmetics. Paper presented at the seminar for Arabian Studies, Cambridge, UK.

Shalabi, A.F.; Khadari, A.A. and Organgi, R.A. 1985. Some medicinal and aromatic plants of Saudi Arabia. Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah.

Sher, H.; Al-Yemeni, M.N. 2010. Ethnobotanical and pharmaceutical evaluation of Capparis spinosa L, validity of local folk and Unani system of medicine. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 4(17): 1751-1756

Sher, H.; Al-Yemeni, M.N.; Masrahi, Y.S. and Shah, A.H. 2010. Ethnomedicinal and ethnoecological evaluation of Salvadora persica L.: A threatened medicinal plant in Arabian Peninsula Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 4(12): 1209-1215.

UNESCO, 1960. Medicinal plants of the arid zones. Arid Zone Research, XIII. UNESCO, Paris. pp. 96.

Wickens, G.E.; Goodin, J.R. & Field, D.V. (eds.) 1989. Plants for Arid Lands. Proc. of the Kew International Conf. on Economic Plants for Arid Lands held inthe Jodrell Laboratory, RBG, KEW, England. 23-27 July 1984. Unwin Hyman, London.

Abbas, F.A.; Al-Massarany, SM..; Khan, S.; Al-Howiriny, T.A; Mossa, J.S; Abourashed, E.A. 2007. Phytochemical and biological studies on Saudi Commiphora opobalsamum L. Natural product research. 21(5): 383-391

Abdel-Mogib, M.; Albar, H.A. and Batterjee, S.M. 2002. Chemistry of the Genus Plectranthus. Molecules, 7: 271-301.

Abd_El-Fattah, H. A contribution to the chemistry of Asphodelus fistulosus var. tenuiflorus Cav. (Part 1) 1991. Acta Pharmacologia Jugoslavia 4(2): 147-153.

Abdel-Mogib, M.; Ayyad, S.N.; Abou-Elzahab, M.M. and Dawridar, A.M. 1993. A sesquiterpene glucoside from Reichardia tingitana. Phytochemistry. 34(5): 1434-1435.

Abed, K.F. 2007. Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils of some Medicinal Plants from Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 14 (1): 53-60.

Adam, S.E.I. 1998. Combined toxicity of Rhazya stricata and Silene villosa in rats. Fitoterapia LXIX (5): 425-420.

Adam, S.E.I. 1998. Toxic effects of Francoeuria crispa in Rats. Phytotherapy Research, 12: 476-479.

Adam, S.E.I.; Ahmed H. Alfarhan and Al-Yahya, M.A. 2000. Effect of combined Citrullus colocynthis and Rhazya stricta use in Najdi Sheep, American Journal of Chinese Medicine, Vol. 28 (3-4): 385-390.

Adam, S.E.I.; Ahmed H. Alfarhan and Al-Yahya, M.A. 2001. Effects of dietary mixtures of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. And Rhazya stricta Decne in Rats. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 8(4): 9-18.

Adam, S.E.I.; Al-Yahya, M.A. and Alfarhan, A.H. 2002. Toxicity of Nerium oleander and Rhazya stricta in Najdi sheep: Hematologic and clinicopathologic alterations. American journal of Chinese medicine, Vol. 30 (2&3), 255-262.

Abdel-Sattar, E.; Harraz, F.M. and El Gayed,  S.H. 2008. Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts of some Plants Collected from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, J. of King Abdulaziz Univ. Med. Sci.15(1): 25-33

Ageel, A. M.; Tariq, M.; Pramar, N. S.; Al-Meshal, I. A.; and Al-Said, M. A. 1985. Psychopharmacological studies on some Saudi plants, Proc. 4th South-East Asian/Western Pacific Regional Meeting of Pharmacognosists. Penang, Malaysia.

Ahmed, V.U. and Iqbal, S. 1993. Jamtinine, an alkaloid from Cocculus hirsutus. Phytochemistry, 33(3): 735-736.

Ajabnoor, M.A.; Al-Yahya, M.A.; M. Tariq and A.A. Jayyab. 1984. Anti-diabetic Activity of Teucrium oliverianum. Fitoterapia LV, (2), 227.

Akbar S.; Al-Yahya, M.S. 2011. Screening of Saudi plants for phyto-constituents, pharmacological and antimicrobial properties. Australian J. of Medical Herbalism 23(2): 76-87

Al-Ali, K.H.  & El-Badry, A.A. 2010. Anti-viral activity of two Labiatae plants (Naana-Hassoi, Habak) and Basil (Rahan) of Al-Madinah Almunawarah. Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, May: 67-73.

Al-Ghamdi , F.A. and Abdelwahab, A.T. 2014.  Volatile oil composition from stems, leaves and flowers of Ducrosia flabellifolia Boiss. From northern border of Saudi Arabia. International J. of applied biology and pharmaceutical technology, 5(4):  296-300

Al-Howiriny TA, Al-Sohaibani MO, Al-Said MS, Al-Yahya MA, El-Tahir KH, Rafatullah S. 2004. Hepatoprotective properties of Commiphora opobalsamum (“Balessan”), a traditional medicinal plant of Saudi Arabia. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 30(5-6):213-20.

Al-Howiriny TA, Mossa JS, Al-Said MS. 2004. Three new and two rare furanoeremophilanes from Senecio asirensis. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 6(3):167-75.

Al-Jaber, N.A.; Mujahid, T.G. and Hazmi, H.M. 1991: Favonoids from Atriplex farinosa– J. King Saud Univ., Sci. 3: 163-167.

Allen, S.E.; Grimshaw, H.M.; Parkinson, J.H. and Quarmby, C. 1974. Chemical analysis of ecological materials. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publication.

Al-Meshal, I.A.; Mekkawi, A.G.; Hifnawy, M.S.; Mossa, J.S. and Al-Yahya, M.A. 1985. Aromatic plants of Saudi Arabia. Part 10: Essential oil of Horwoodia dicksoniae Turril., Proc. Saudi Bio. Soc., 8: 163-167.

Al-Meshal, I.A.; Tariq, M.;  Parmar, N.S. and Ageel, A.M. 1985. Anti-inflammatory activity of the flavonoid fraction of khat (Catha edulis Forssk). Inflammation Research,  17, (3-4): 379-380

Al-Noaim, A.A., El-Gazzar, A.A., Rumney, T.G., Al-Koraiem, Y.S., 1991. Chemical composition of range plants in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research 9 (3): 77-92.

Alqahtani, S. N.; Alkholy, S.O. and Ferreira, M.P. 2014. Antidiabetic and Anticancer Potential of Native Medicinal Plants from Saudi Arabia in Polyphenols in Watson, R..R.; Preedy, V.R. and Zibadi, S. Human Health and Disease. Academic Press.

Al-Said MS, Ghorab MM, Al-Qasoumi SI, El-Hossary EM, Noaman E  2010. Synthesis and in vitro anticancer screening of some novel 4- [2-amino- 3-cyano- 4-substituted- 5, 6, 7, 8- tetrahydroquinolin- 1- (4H) yl]benzenesulfonamides. Eur J Med Chem.  45(7): 3011-8.

Al-Said, M.S. and Hifnawy, M.S. 1985. Phytochemical and Biological screening of Pergularia tomentosa L. Proc. Saudi Bio. Soc., 8: 155-161.

Al-Said, M.S.; Hifnawy, M.S.; McPhall, A.T. and McPhall, D.R. 1988. Ghalakinoside, a cytotoxic cardiac glycoside from Pergularia tomentosa, Phytochemistry, 27(10): 3245-3250.

Al-Said, M.; Mansour, S.; Abu-Jayyab, A. and Hifnawy, M.S. 1989. Biochemical Studies of ghalakinoside, a possible antitumer agent from Pergularia tomentosa, J. of Ethopharmacology 27(1/2): 235-240.

Aly M. El-Sayed and Al-Yahya, M. A. 1989. Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Chenopodium botrys Growing in Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Crude Drug Res., 28, No.4, 158-188.

Al-Yahya, M.A. 1986. Phytochemical and biological studies on Saudi medicinal plants. Part 11. The major component of the spathe oil of Phoenix dactylifera. Fitoterapia LVII(2): 284-287.

Al-Yahya, M.A. 1986. Phytochemical Studies on the Plants Used in Traditional Medicine of Saudi Arabia. Fitoterapia 47(3), 179-182.

Al-Yahya M.A., Abdel-sattar E., Guittet E. 2000. Pregnane glycosides from Caralluma russeliana. J. Nat. Prod. 63, 1451-1453.

Al-Yahya, M.A.; Khafagy, S.; Shihata, A. Kozlowski, J.F.; Antoun, M.D. and Cassady, J.M. 1984. Phytochemical and Biological Screening of Saudi Medicinal Plants, Part 6. Isolation of 2α-Hydroxyalantolactone the Antileukemic Principle of Francoeuria crispa. J. Nat. Prod., 47 (6): 1013–1017

Al-Yahya, M.A.; Hifnawy,M.S.; Mossa, J.S.; Al-Meshal, I.A. & Mekkawi, A.G. 1985. Aromatic plants of Saudi Arabia. Part 7: Essential Oil of Plectranthus tenuiflorus (Vatke)Agnew. Proc. Saudi Bio. Soc. 8: 147-153.

Al-Yahya, M.A.; Hifnawy, M.S.; Mossa, J.S.; El-Feraly, F.S.; McPhall, D.R. and Mcphall, A.T. 1987. X-ray structure of psiadiarabin, a flavone from Psiadia arabica, Phytochemistry. 26(9): 2648-2649.

Al-Yahya, M.A.; Mossa, J.S.; El-Badr, A.A.; Tariq, M. and Al-Meshal, D.R. 1987. Phytochemical and biological studies on Saudi medicinal plants. Part 12. A study on Saudi plants of family Leguminosae, International J. of Crude Drug Research, 25(2): 65-71

Al-Yahya, M.A.; Maher M. El-Domiaty, Ibrahim A. Al-Meshal, Mansour S. Al-Said and Farouk S. El-Feraly. 1991. (+)-Dihydroperfamine: an Alkaloid from Haplophyllum tuberculatum. Int. J. Pharmacognosy, 29, No.4, 268-272.

Al-Yahya, M. A.; Al-Meshal I. A., Mossa J. S. al-Badr, A. A., & Tariq, M. 1990. Saudi Plants: A phytochemical and biological Approach GDRGP, KACST, Riyadh.

Al-Yahya, M.A.; I. Muhammad, H.H. Mirza, F.S. El-Feraly, A.T. McPhail. 1993. Neocleordane Diterpenoids and their Artifacts from Teucrium olivarainum. J. Nat. Prod., 56(6) 830-842.

Al-Yahya, M.A.; A.J. Al-Rehaily, M.A. Ahmed, M.S. Al-Said, F.S. El-Feraly, and C.D. Hafford. 1992. New Alkaloids from Haplophyllum tuberculatum. J. Nat. Prod., 55(7) 899-903.

Al-Yahya, M.A.; A.M. El-Sayed and J.S. Mossa. 1988. Potential Cancer Chemopreventive and Cytotoxic Agents from Pulicaria crispa. Journal of Natural Products, Vo.51, No.3, 621-624.

Al-Yahya, M.A.; Mohammed S. Hifnawy, Jaber S. Mossa, Farouk S. El-Feraly, Donald R. McPhail and Andrew T. McPhail. 1987. X-Ray Structure of Psiadiarabin, A Flavonone from Psiadia arabica. Phytochemistry, Vol. 26, No. 9, 2648-2649.

Al-Yahya, M.A.; M. Tariq, N.S. Parmar and A.M. Ageel. 1987.Pharmacological Investigations of Hibiscus micranthus Linn., a Febrifuge Used in Saudi Folk Medicine. Phytotherapy Research, Vol.1, No.2.

Al-Yahya, M.A.and M. Tariq. 1983. Studies on Caralluma penicillata. Fitoterapia LIV (1), 41.

Al-Yahya, M.A J.S. Mossa, A.A. Al-Badr, M. Tariq and I.A. Al-Meshal. 1987. Phytochemical and Biological Studies on Saudi Medicinal Plants: Part 12. A Study on Saudi Plants of Family “Leguminosae”. Int. J. Crude Drug Res. 25, No.2, 65-71.

Al-Yahya, M.A.; M. Tariq, T.I. Khalifa and I. Ashraf 1983. Toxicity Studies on Caralluma penicillata – A Poisonous Plant from Saudi Arabia. Toxicon (Suppl. 3), 9-12.

Alyemeni, M.N.; Basahy, A.Y. & Sher, H. 2011. Physico-chemical analysis and mineral composition of some sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) grown in the Gizan area of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5(2): 270-274

Ali, A.A.; Abdullah, O.A. and Steglish, W. 1989. Chlorosesquiterpene lactones from Ambrosia maritima, Pharmazie 44(11): 800-801.

Aly, M.M and Bafeel, S.O. 2008. Screening for antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants in Saudi Arabia,.African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative medicines (AJTCAM), Abstracts of the world congress on Medicinal and Aromatic plants, Cape Town.

Ajabnoor, M.A.; M.A. Al-Yahya, M. Tariq and A.A. 1984. Jayyab. Antidiabetic Activity of Hammada salicornica. Fitoterapia LV, (2), 107

Bakhiet, A.O. & Adam, S.E.I. 1996. Toxicity to Bovans Chicks of Cassia italica seeds. Phytotherapy Research 10: 156-160.

Bhardwaj, D.K.; Bisht, M.S.; Jain, R.K. and Munjal, A. 1982. Phenolics from the seeds of Argemone mexicana. Phytochemistry, 21(8): 2154.

Bokhari, F. M. 2009. Antifungal activity of some medicinal plants used in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Mycopath (2009) 7(1): 51-57

El-Domaity, M.M.; Feraly, F.S.; Mossa, J.S. and McPhall, A.T. 1993. Diterpenes from Psiadia arabica, Phytochemisty, 34(2): 467-471.

El-Dirdiri, N.I.; Barakat, S.E. and Adam, S.E.I. 1987. The combined toxicity of Aristolochia bracteolata and Cadaba rotundifolia to goats. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 29(2): 133-137.

El-Feraly, F.S.; Mossa, J.; Al-Yahya, M.A.; Hafnawy, M.S.; Hafez, M.M. and Hufford, C.D. 1990. Two flavones from Psiadia arabica, Phytochemistry, 29(10): 3372-3373.

El-Hawary, S.S.; M.A. Al-Yahya, I.A. Al-Meshal, J.S. Mossa and M.S. Hifnawy. 1991. Aromatic Plants of Saudi Arabia, Part 13. Essential Oil of Micromeria sinaica. Int. J. Pharmacognosy, 29, No.3, 193-196.

El-Hawary, S.S; J.S. Mossa M.A. Al-Yahya, I.A. Al-Meshal, and M.S. Hifnawy. Aromatic Plants of Saudi Arabia, Part 12. Essential Oil of Conyza incana. Int. J. Pharmacognosy, 29, No.3, 188-192 (1991)

El-Sayed, A.M.; Al-Yahya, M.A.; Shaw, A.H.; Hartmann, R. and Breltmaier, E. 1990. Eurabidol and other sesquiterpeness from Euryops arabicus, Chemiker-Zeitung, 114(5): 159-160.

El Sayed K, Al-Said MS, El-Feraly FS, Ross SA. 2000. New quinoline alkaloids from Ruta chalepensis. J. Nat. Prod. ;63(7): 995-997.

Fardos M. Bokhari, F.M. 2009.  Antifungal activity of some medicinal plants used in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Mycopath 7(1): 51-57.

Fatani A.J., Al-Rejaie S.S., Abuohashish H.M., Al-Assaf A., Parmar M.Y., Ola M.S., Ahmed M.M. 2015. Neuroprotective effects of Gymnema sylvestre on streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy in rats. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine; 9(5):1670-1678.

Gunasingh, C.B.G. adn Nagarajan, S. 1981.  Flavanoides of the flowers of Vernonia cinerea, Indian J. of Pharmacological Science. 43: 114.

Gupta, S.; Ali, M and Alam, M.S. 1993.  A naphthoquinone from Lawsonia inermis stem bark, Phytochemistry. 33(3): 723-724.

Hassan, M..A.; Huhtadi, F.J. and Aziz, O.A. 1977. Phytochemical investigation of Rhazya stricta growing in Saudi Arabia. Part 1. Total Alkaloidal content and TLC screening. Bull. Fac. Sci. Riayd Univ., 8: 331-339.

Hassan, M..A.; Mohammed A. Al-Yahya, and Jaber S. Mossa. 1987. PMR Determination of the Major Constituents of the Volatile Oil of Thymus vulgaris Growing in Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf J. Scient. Res. Math. Phys. Sci. A5 (3) 349-358.

Hiffnawy, M.S. and Muhtadi, F.J. 1984. Pharmacognostical study of Lygos raetam Forssk. growing in Saudi Arabia. Proc. Saudi Bio. Soc. 7: 183-188.

Hifnawi, M.S.; Al-Yahya, M.A. I.A. Al-Meshal J.S. Mossa and A.G. Mekkawi. 1984. Plants of Saudi Arabia, Part VI: Essential oil of Jasonia candicans Del. Proc. 7th Symp. Biol. Aspects of Saudi Arabia, 201-210.

Hung-Joon, C. and Jado, A.I. 1977. Phytochemical survey of desert plants in Saudi Arabia. Bull. Fac. Sci. Riyadh University. 8: 347-352.

Hussain, H.; Soliman, F.; Al-rajhi, D. & Alfarhan, A.H. 1996. Plant extracts as an alternative tool for pests control. Alex. Sci. Exch. 17(2): 167-174.

Ilyas Muhammed, Jaber S. Mossa, Mohammed A. Al-Yahya, Humayun H. Mirza, Farouk S. El-Feraly. 1994. New Modified Labdane Diterpenoids from Cluytia richardiana. J. Nat. Prod., 56(2) 284-255.

Kalix, P. 1991. The pharmacology of psychoactive alkaloides from Ephedra and Catha. J. of Ethnopharmacology. 32: 201-208.

Khalid, S. and Waterman, P. 1981. Alkaloid, lignan and flavanoid constituents of Haplophyllum tuberculatum from Sudan. Planta Medica, 43(2): 148-152.

Khatibi A, Shan AH, Ageel AM, Ahmed MS, Al-Yahya MA, Tariq MC (1989). Saudi folk medicine: Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 2(1): 29-34.

Kuete, V.; Wiench, B.;  Alsaid, M.S.; Alyahya, M.A.; Fankam, A.G.; Shahat, A.A. and Efferth, T. 2013. Cytotoxicity, mode of action and antibacterial activities of selected Saudi Arabian medicinal plants, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13:354

Mekkawi, A.G.; Al-Said, M.S.; Mossa, J.S.; Al-Meshal, I.A.; Hifnawy, M.S. and Al-Yahya, M.A. 1985. Aromatic plants of Saudi Arabia. Part 11: Essential Oil of Cleome chrysantha, Decne. Proc. Saudi Bio. Soc. 8: 169-173.

Mekkawi, A.G.; Mossa, J.S. & Al-Badr, A.A. 1985. Lipids of Achillea frangrantissima Forssk. Proc. Saudi Bio. Soc. 8: 141-146.

Mohammad A. I. Al-Yahya and Evans, W.C.. 1977, The alkaloids of Datura quercifolia H.B.K. Quart. J. Crude Drug Res. 15, 131-132

Mohammed Yusuf, Mai M. Al-Oqail, Ebtesam S. Al-Sheddi, Adnan Jathlan Al-Rehaily, M. Atiqur Rahman. 2014. Diversity of Medicinal Plants in the Flora of Saudi Arabia 3: An inventory of 15 Plant Families and their Conservation Management, International Journal of Environment 3(3): 312-320.

Mossa, J.S.; Al-Yahya, M.A.; Al-Meshal, I.A. & Tariq, M. 1983. Phytochemical and biological scereening of Saudi medicinal plants. Fitoterapia 54: 75-80, 147-152.

Mossa, J.S.; Hafnawy, M.S.; Al-Yahya, M.A. Hafez, M.M.; Shehata, A.A. and El-Feraly, F.S. 1988. Flavanoids and coumarins from three Saudi Arabian Compositae species. International J. of Crude Drug Research, 26(4): 181-184.

Mossa JS, Tariq M, Mohsin A, Ageel AM, al-Yahya MA, al-Said MS, Rafatullah S. 1991. Pharmacological studies on aerial parts of Calotropis procera. Am J Chin Med. 19(3-4):223-31.

Mossa, J.S.;  M. Tariq, A. Mohsin, A.M. Ageel, M.A. Al-Yahya, M.S. Al-Said and S. Rafatullah. 1991. Pharmacological Studies on Aerial Parts of Calotropis Procera. American Journal of Chinesed Medicine, Vol. XIX, No.3-4, 223-231.

Mossa, J.S.; Mohamed S. Hifnawy, Al-Yahya, M.A.; Mohamed M. Hafez, Amir A. Shehata and Farouk S. El-Feraly. 1988. Flavonoids and Coumarins from Three Saudi Arabian Compositae Species. Int. J. Crude Drug Res., 26, No.2, 181-184.

Mossa, J.S.; Ibrahim A. Al-Meshal, Mohammed A. Al-Yahya, and Mohamed S. Hifnawy. 1988. Aromatic Plants of Saudi Arabia Part IX GC/MS Analysis of Essential Oil of Triumfetta flavescens. Arab Gulf J. Scient. Res. Biol. Sci. B6 (3) 389-398.

Mossa, J.S;.M.S. Hifnawy, M.A. Al-Yahya, I.A. Al-Meshal and A.G. Mekkawi. 1987.  Aromatic Plants of Saudi Arabia – Part 8 – GC/MS Analysis of Essential Oils of Pulicaria arabica and P. undulata. Int. J. Crude Drug Res. 25, No.2, 113-119.

Mossa, J.S.; Mohammed A. Al-Yahya and Mahmoud M.A. Hassan. 1987. Physicochemical Characteristics and Spectroscopy of the Volatile Oil of Thymus vulgaris Growing in Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Crude Drug Res. 25, No.1

Muhammad I, El Sayed KA, Mossa JS, Al-Said MS, El-Feraly FS, Clark AM, Hufford CD, Oh S, Mayer AM. 2000. Bioactive 12-oleanene triterpene and secotriterpene acids from Maytenus undata. J. Nat. Prod. 2000 May; 63(5):605-610.

Muhtadi, F.J.; Aziz, O.A. and Hassan, M.M.A. 1977. Pharmacognostical investigation of Rhazya stricta growing in Saudi Arabia. Bull. Fac. Sci. Riyad Univ. 5: 1-15.

Noor, F.; Ahmed, A.; Imtiazuddin, S.M. and Khan, B. 1993. A triterpenoid from Leptadenia pyrotechnica. Phytochemistry 32(1): 211-212.

Osama H. Sayed; Yahya S. Masrahi; M Remesh; B.S. Al-Ammar. 2019. Coffee production in southern Saudi Arabian highlands: Current status and water conservation. Saudi J. Bio. Sci. 26(7): 1911-1914.

Qureshi, S.; A.M. Ageel, M.A. Al-Yahya, M. Tariq, J.S. Mossa and A.H. Shah. 1990. Preliminary Toxicity Studies on Ethanol Extracts of the Aerial Parts of Artemisia abyssinica and A. inculata in Mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 28, 157-162.

Rizk, A.M.; Helba, H.I.; Mayergi, H and Batanouny, K.H. 1985. Phytochemistry of Blepharis ciliaris (Acanthaceae). Fitoterapia, 1: 56

Saadabi, A.M.A, 2006. Antifungal activity of some Saudi plants used in traditional medicine. Asian J. Plant Sci., 5: 907-909.

Shah, A.H.; A.M. Ageel, J.S. Mossa, M. Tariq, I.A. Al-Meshal and M. A. Al Yahya. 1987. Chemical Studies on Some Zizyphus Species Used in Saudi Folk Medicine. Proc. Second Nat. Meet. Chem. 133-140

Shah, A.H. A.M. Ageel, M. Tariq, J.S. Mossa and M.A. Al-Yahya. 1986. Chemical Constituents of the Stem Bark of Zizyphus Spina-Christi. Fitoterapia Vol. LVII, No.6, 452-453

Sher, H.; Aldosari, A. 2013. Ethnobotanical survey on plants of veterinary importance around Al-Riyadh (Saudi Arabia). Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 7(21): 1404-1410.

Tariq, M.; M. A. Al-Yahya, M. A.; Al-Meshal, I. A.; Mossa, J. M. 1984. Studies on Saudi plants causing neuromuscular blockade. Proc. 9th Int. Cong. Pharmacol. (IUPHAR), London, 2030.

Tariq, M, A.M.Ageel, A.M, AL-Yahya, M.A.; Mossa, J.S. AL-Saro, M.S. and Parmer, N.S. 1985. Anti-inflammatory activity of Commiphora molmol. Agents and Actions, vol. 17 (3/4): 381-382

Tariq M, Ageel AM, al-Yahya MA, Mossa JS, al-Said MS. 1989. Anti-inflammatory activity of

 polium. Int J Tissue React. 11(4):185-188.

Tariq, M.; J.S. Mossa, M.A. Al-Yahya, N.S. Parmar and A.M. Ageel. Evaluation of Artemisia inculta for Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Rats. American Journal of Chinese Medicine, Vol. XIV, Nos.3-4, 127-132 (1987)

Abbas, J.A. & El-Oqlah, A.A. 1996. Distribution and communities of halophytic plants in Bahrain. J. Arid Envir. 22: 205-218.

Abd El–Ghani, M.M. 1996. Vegetation along a transect in the Hijaz mountains (Saudi Arabia). J. Arid Environ., 32: 289–04

Abd El–Ghani, M.M., 1997. Vegetation analysis and species diversity along an altitudinal gradient in the central Hijaz Mountains of Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf J. Scient. Res., 15: 399–414

Abd El-Ghani, M.M. 1993. Habitat features and plant communities of the Holy places, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, Feddes Repertorium,104 (5-6): 417-425

Abd El-Ghani, M.M. 1997. Phenology of ten common plant species in western Saudi Arabia. J. Arid Env. 35(4): 673-683.

Abd-El Monsef, Hesham; Aguib, Ayman S. H.; Smith, Scot E. 2013. Locating suitable mangrove plantation sites along the Saudi Arabia Red Sea Coast.  Journal of African earth sciences. 83: 1-9

Abd El-Rahman, A.A. and Beleg, E. 1974. Analysis of climatic elements in Saudi Arabia. Bull. Fac. Sci., Riyadh Univ. 6: 98-123.

Abd El-Rahman, A.A. 1886. The desert of the Arabian Peninsula. In: Evenari, M. et al (eds). Hot desert and arid shrub-land, Ecosystems of the world. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. Amsterdam 29-54.

Abdel Razik, M.S. 1991. Population structure and ecological performance of the mangrove Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. on the Arabian Gulf coast of Qatar, J. Arid Env. 20: 331-338.

Abdel-Mawgood, A.I.; Assaeed, A.; Al-Abdallatif, T. 2005. Genetic diversity in an isolated population of Capparis deciduas. The Role of Biotechnology. Villa Gualino, Turin, Italy – 5-7 March: 185-186.

Abdel-Mawgood, A.L.; Assaeed, A.M.,;Al-Abdallatif, T.I .2006. Application of RAPD technique for the conservation of an isolated population of Capparis decidua. Alex J Agric Res 51: 171-177

Abdel-Mawgood, A.L.; Jakse, J.; Al-Doss, A.A. & Assaeed, A.A. 2010. Genetic structure and diversity within and among six populations of Capparis decidua (forssk.) edgew. from Saudi Arabia, African Journal of Biotechnology  9(38): 6256-6263

Abdel-Fattah, R.I., Ali, A.A., 2005. Vegetation environment relationships in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Bot. 1: 206–211.

Abdel-Halim Ghazy, A. 2013. Identification and Distribution of ALS resistant Lolium rigidum populations in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment11 (3&4):1311- 1314.

Abderrahman, W.A. & Al-Harazin, I.M. 1999. Impacts of climatic change on irrigation demands and desertification in Saudi Arabia, The third conference on desertification and environmental studies, Proceedings beyond the year 2000, Prince Sultan Centre for Environmental, water and desert Research, King Saud University, Riyadh.

Abdullah, M.A.R. & Abulfatih, H.A. 1995. Predation of Acacia seeds by bruchid beetles and its relationto altitudinal gradient in south-western Saudi Arabia, J. of Arid. Env. 29(1): 99-105

Abohassan, A.A. and Rudolph, V.J. 1978. Afforestation for sand dune stabilization in Al Hassa Oasis, Saudi Arabia. pp. 257-259. In D.N. Hyder (ed.). Proceedings of the first international rangeland congress. Denver, USA.

Abo-Hassan, A.A.; Asta, M.L. & Sabry, M.M. 1984. Natural forests in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and its potential economic use. SANCST, Riyadh. (in arabic)

Abohassan A. A. and El-Osta, M. L. M. (1982). Variation in certain  quality parameters of wood from young Casuarina windbreak trees grown in Saudi Arabia. J. Coll. Agric. King Saud Univ. 4: 53-67.

Abohassan, A. A. (1979). Studies on sand stabilization in Al-Hasa region,   Saudi Arabia. 1. Afforestation. J. Agric. Res. Fac. Agric. Riyadh Univ.     4: 53-71.

Abohassan, A. A. (1980). Role of people in rangeland ecosystems in the     Arabian Peninsula. A position Statement. 33rd Annual Meeting, Society     for Range Management, Feb 11th , 1980. San Diego, California, USA.

Abohassan, A. A. (1983). Forest resources in Saudi Arabia.J. Forestry (USA). 81: 239-241.

Abohassan, A. A. (1983). Specific gravity of natural grown (Juniperus procera) in southwest Saudi Arabia.Presented at Session 13-Biology of     the Annual Meeting of the Forest Products Res. Soc. June 19-23, 1983     in Norfolk, Virginia, USA. Published in J. Coll. Agric. King Saud     University.

Abohassan, A. A. (1983). Type, distribution and area of forests in     southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. J. Coll. Agric., King Saud Univ. 5:     103-113.

Abohassan, A. A. (1989). Afforestation and its effect in desertification. J. Sci. Tech. King Abdul Aziz City for Sciences and     Technology.

Abohassan, A. A. (1989). Recent progress in forest planting. J. Sci.     Tech. King Abdul Aziz City for Sciences and Technology.

Abohassan, A. A. and Basha, M. A. (1981). Mineral composition of the     foliage o9f four Saudi Arabian date palm cultivars. J. Coll. Agric. King     Saud Univ. 4: 35-42.

Abohassan, A. A. and Habib, M. M. (1979). Sand dunes fixation in Saudi     Arabia.Univ. Coll. Agric. Res. Bull. 3: 28.

Abohassan, A. A. and Mahros, O. M. (1979). Effect of some treatments     on seed germination of certain species of trees and shrubs of Saudi     Arabia. J. Coll. Agric. Riyadh Univ. 1: 45-52.

Abohassan, A. A. and Sabry, M. (1989). Commercial utilization of     Juniprus procera in the Kingdom. National Organization for     Conservation of Wild Life.

Abohassan, A. A. and Zowail, M. (1994). Effect of media and different     sowing dates on rooting of Ficus infectoria cuttings.Periodicals of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University.

Abohassan, A. A. and Zowail, M. (1994). Studies on propagating neem     (Azadirachtia indica)through cuttings. J. Al-Azhar Agric. Res.

Abohassan, A. A. and Zowail, M. (1994). Studies on Propagation and Multiplication on Neem (Melia Azadiraclta) tree by cuttings. Al-Azhar J. Agric. Res., vol 19.

Abohassan, A. A.(1981). Atriplex, a prospective forage crop in arid and     semi arid ands. Alexandria J. Agric. Res. 29(1): 113-121.

Abohassan, A. A., Bach, M. A. and  Abdel Hafeez (1981). Effect of     antitranspiration agent on Pinolene (vapour guard)growth, yield and     the water use by some horticultural crops. Proc. 7th Annual     Conference, Assoc. of Muslim Scientists and Engineers, Purdue Univ.,     West Lafayette, IN. USA. pp. 121-134.

Abohassan, A. A., El-Hamady, A. M. and Hamouda, M. A. (1979). Effect     of Gibberellic acid and kinetin on germination of apricot and lime     seeds and subsequent seeding growth. Proc. Saudi Biol. Soc., 3rd Conf.     on the Biological Aspects of Saudi Arabia, pp. 1-6.

Abohassan, A. A., El-Hamady, A. M., Basha, M. A. and Hamouda, M. A.     (1980). Effect of stratification, gibberellic acid and kinetin on seed germination        and seedling growth of annona (Annina squamosa). J. Agric. Res. Tanta Univ. 6 (1).

Abohassan, A. A., Khir-Allah, I. and Kandeel, S. E. (1988). Effect of   irrigation rates on timber quality of Prosopis in trees growing in Riyadh   area. Arabian Gulf.

Abohassan, A. A., Nasr, T. A. and Elshuks, H. (1982).Effects of type and     storage of pollen on fruiting of Khudari dates. Proc. 1st Symposium on the Date Palm, Coll. Agric. Sci. and Food. King Faisal Univ., Al-Hassa.     pp. 102-106.

Abohassan, A. A., Tawfik, H. A. and Habib, M. M. (1980). Effect of     salinity on seed germination and growth of orache (Atriplex spp).     Proc. Biol. Soc. 4: 71-81.

Abou-Zeid, A.M.; Altalhi, A.D. and Abd El-Fattah, R.E. 2009. Bacterial control of pathogenic fungi isolated from some wild plants in Taif Governorate, Saudi Arabia. Mycopath  7(1): 11-20

Abo-Hassan, A.A., M.L.M. El-Osta, M.M. Sabry, 1984. The Natural Forests in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Possibility of Exploiting Them Economically. National Center for Science and Technology (Now: King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology), Book No. 1 (in Arabic), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, pp: 177.

Abu Hassan, A. A., Asta, M. L. & Sarry, M. M. (1984): Natural forestry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and its potential economic use. SANCST. Riyadh (in Arabic).

Abu-Hassan, A. and Sabri, M. 1989. Economic feasibility of Timber production in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. In. Proc. of the First NCWCD/IUCN workshop: Ecological imperatives for the conservation and sustainable use of the flora and fauna of Saudi Arabia. June 20-21, 1989, NCWCD, Riyadh.

Abulfatih, H.A. 1979. Vegetation of higher elevation of Asir, Saudi Arabia, Proc. Saudi Bio. Soc., 3: 139-148.

Abulfatih, H.A. 1981. Plant Ecology of Dalaghan National Park, Asir Province, Saudi Arabia. Proc. Saudi Bio. Soc. 5: 131-141.

Abulfatih, H.A. 1984. Wild Plants From Abha & the Surrounding Areas. Saudi Publishing & Distributing house, Jeddah

Abulfatih, H.A. 1981. Wild plants of Abha and its surroundings. Proc. Saudi Bio. Soc. 5: 143-159.

Abulfatih, H. A. 1983. Elevationally restricted floral element of the Asir mountains, Saudi Arabia, J. of Arid Environments 7: 35-41.

Abulfatih, H. A. 1983. Germination characteristics of 9 species from Abha. J. of Arid Environments: 6: 247-251.

Abulfatih, H. A. 1991. Quantitative assessment of wild trees in southwestern Saudi Arabia. Biological Sciences 1: 117-127 

Abulfatih, H.A. 1992. Vegetation zonation along an altitudinal gradient between sea level and 3000m in southwestern Saudi Arabia., Jour. King Saud University, 4(1): 57-97. 

Abulfatih, H.A. 1988. Altitudinal distribution of the hemiparasitic Loranthaceae in southwestern Saudi Arabia. Biotropica, 20: 81-83.

Abulfatih, H.A. and Hashish, A. 1995. The contribution of Acacia species to the soil nitrogen in south-west Saudi Arabia. J. King Saud Univ., Science 7(1): 21-26

Abulfatih, H.A., H.A. Emara and A. El-Hashish 1989. Influence of grazing on vegetation and soil of Asir highlands in south western Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res. 7:69-78.

Abu El-Fateh, H.A., H.A. Emara and A. Hashish, 1989. The influences of grazing on vegetation and soil of Asir highlands. Arab Gulf Journal science research Agriculture Biology Society, B7(1): 69-78.

Abu Ziada, M.E. 1998. Vegetation of Tabuk-Duba area, Saudi Arabia. In Omar, S.A.S.; Misak, R.; Al-Ajmi, D. & Al-Awadhi, N. (eds.) Sustainable Development in Arid Zones. Vol. 2, Mangement and improvement of desert resources: pp. 461-475. Balkema Publishers, Brookfield.

Abuzinada, A.H. 1998. Restoration of desert ecosystems through wildlife management – The Saudi experience. In Omar, S.A.S.; Misak, R.; Al-Ajmi, D. & Al-Awadhi, N. (eds.) Sustainable Development in Arid Zones. Vol. 2, Management and improvement of desert resources: pp. 641-648. Balkema Publishers, Brookfield.

Abuzinada, A.H. & Joubert, E. (Eds.) 1999. Proceedings of the workshop on the conservation of the flora of the Arabian Peninsula, Arabian Plant Specialist Group, NCWCD, Riyadh.

Abuzinada, A.H.; Goriup, P. and Nader, I. (eds.) 1989. Proceedings of the first symposium on Wildlife conservation and development in Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Feb. 1987. NCWCD, Publication #3.

Ahmad, K.; Ibrahim, M.; Khan, Z.I.; Rizwan, Y.; Ejaz, A.; Fardsous, A .; Lee, D.J.; Al-Yemeni, M.; 2011.  Effect of sewage water on mineral nutritive potential of six fodder species grown under semiarid conditions. Saudi J. of Biological Sciences, 18(4): 317-321.

Ahmed, S.S. (Report year not known). Phyto-ecology of Zifaf Island. Unpublished report. NCWCD, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Al-Amro, A. M.; El-Sheikh, M. A.; El-Sheikh, A. M. 2018. Vegetation analysis of some wetland habitats in central region of Saudi Arabia. Applied ecology and environmental research 16(3): 3255-3269

Alatar, A.A. 2011.  Effect of temperature and salinity on germination of Achillea fragrantissima and Moringa peregrina from Saudi Arabia. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(17): 3393-3398

Al-Abdulkader, A. M.; Shanavaskhan, A. E.; Al-Khalifah, N. S.; Nasroun, T. H. 2009. The economic feasibility of firewood plantation enterprises in Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research  27 (1-2): 1-6

Al- Anazi, F.S. and Al-Qahtani, S.M. 2019.  Infuence of selected soil physical and chemical variables on distribution of perennial plant species in different plant communities of Rawdhat Al Masodi, Saudi Arabia. Pak. J. Botany  51(4): 1375-1380

Al-Aklabi , A.; Al-Khulaidi , A.W.;  Akram Hussain , A. ; Al-Sagheer, N. 2016. Main vegetation types and plant species diversity along an altitudinal gradient of Al Baha region, Saudi Arabia  Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 23(6): 687–697

Aldhebiani, A. Y., Howladar S. M. 2015. Floristic Diversity and Environmental Relations in Two Valleys, South West Saudi Arabia, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 4(2): 1916-1925

Al-Farraj, M.M. et al. 1988. Ecophysiological studies on Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad and Cucumis prophetarum L. in Saudi Arabia. I. Seed germination. Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res. 3: 377-387.

Al-Fredan M.A. 2008. Sand dune and sabkha vegetations of eastern Saudi Arabia. Int J. Bot 4: 196-204.

Al-Gifri, Nasser; Kasem, Wael; Shalabi, Lamiaa F. 2018. Vegetation Structure and Diversity of Wadi Wasaa, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology. 18(4): DO  – 10.9734/JABB/2018/43463

Al-Ghanem, W.M. 2011. Ecological study on Uyun Layla in Saudi Arabia. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 5(9): 668-672

Alhaithloul, H.A. 2014. Environmental and Genetic Diversity of Rangeland Plant Species in Saudi Arabia (Review Article). World Journal of Environmental Biosciences, 8 (3): 46-55.

Al-Harbi HF, Alhuqail AA, Islam Z and Ghrefat H (2024), Vegetation trends and dynamics in Shada Mountain, Saudi Arabia, (1984–2023): insights from Google Earth Engine and R analysis. Front. Environ. Sci. 12:1397825. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2024.1397825

Al-Helal, A.A.; Al-Farraj, M.M.; El-Desoki, R.A. and Al-Habashi. 1989. Germination response of Cassia senna L. Seeds to Sodium salts and temperature. J. Univ. Kuwait (Sci.) 16: 281-287.

Al-Hemaid, F.M. 1996. Vegetation and distribution of the sand seas in Saudi Arabia, Geobios, 23: 2-15.

Al-Hemaid, F.M.. 1998. Preliminary study on the vegetation of the Rawdhat Umm Hazim, Saudi Arabia. J. Saudi. Bio. Sci., 5 (2): 3-8.

Al-Hemaid, F.M. 2000. A new Hypothesis of the Juniper Dieback in Saudi Arabia. Proc. of the 2^nd International Conference of Economics and Conservation of Renewable Natural Resources in Arid Zones (NCWCD), Riyadh, pp. 1-12.

Al-Hemaid, F.M. 2002. Sand dunes Vegetation of The Central Region in Saudi Arabia. Res. Bull., No. (113), Res. Cent. Coll. of Agri., King Saud Univ., 5-45.

Al-Hemaid, F.M. 2002. Sand Dunes Vegetation of the Central Region in Saudi Arabia. King Saud University, Riyadh

Al-Homaid, N.; Sadiq, M. & Khan, M.H. 1990. Some desert plants of Saudi Arabia and their relation to soil characteristics. J. Arid Env., 18: 43-49.

Al-Homaid, N. & Khan, M.H.1996. Plant succession in sandy desert ecosystem in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. In Omar, S.A.S.; Misak, R.; Al-Ajmi, D. & Al-Awadhi, N. (eds.) Sustainable Development in Arid Zones. Vol. 2, Management and improvement of desert resources: pp. 477-483. Balkema Publishers, Brookfield.

AL-Hubaishi, A. and MU Ller-Hohenstein, K. 1984. An Introduction to the Vegetation of Yemen. Eschborn: GTZ.

AL-Humaid, A. I. & Warrag, M. O. 1998. Allelopathic effects of mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) foliage on seed germination and seedling growth of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon). J. Arid Environ. 38: 237–243.

Al-Huqail, A., Al-Turki, T.A., 2006. Ecological studies on the natural vegetation at Sabkha Al-Aushazia in Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 13, 79–110.

Al-Jaloud A.A., Hussain G. (2006) Sabkha ecosystem and halophyte plant communities in Saudi Arabia. In: Khan M.A., Böer B., Kust G.S., Barth HJ. (eds) Sabkha Ecosystems. Tasks for Vegetation Science, vol 42. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5072-5_1

Al-Jaloud A.A., Chaudhary S.A., Bashour I.I., Qureshi S., Al-Shangitti, A., 1994. Nutrient evaluation of some arid range plants in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Arid Environments, 28: 299-311.

Al-Khalifah, N.S., P.R. Khan, A.M. Al-Abdulkader, T. Nasroun & A.H. Al-Farhan. 2003. Impact of water stress on growth of two fuelwood plants of Saudi Arabia. Ann. Arid Zone 42: 155–163.

Al-Khalifah, N.S, Nasroun, T.H., Al-Abdulkader,A.M. Al-Farhan,A.H. and Shanavaskhan, A.E.2005. Problems and remedies for the regeneration of Ghada and Ertaa in SaudiArabia. Saudi Journal of Biol.Sci. 12(1): 15-26.

Al-Khalifah, N.S. and Shanavaskhan A.E.2005. Effect of seasonal Weather condition of Saudi Arabia on the performance and growth of eight cultivars of Turfgrass. Journal of Sports Turf Research Institute 81: 2-9.

Al-Khalifah, N.S. Askari, E., Shanavaskhan, A.E. and Hadi, S. (2005). Morphologic and genetic analysis of some turfgrass cultivars Grown in Saudi Arabia. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal (Technical Paper) Vol.10 (Annex):54-55

Al-Khalifah, N.S.; Khan, P.R.; Al-Abdulkader, A.M.  and Nasroun, T. 2006. Impact of water stress on the sapwood anatomy and functional morphology of Calligonum comosum. IAWA Journal, 27 (3): 299–312

Al-Khalifah, N.S. & Shanavaskhan, A.E. 2007.  On the distribution, status and phenology of Ghada (Haloxylon persicum Bunge) in the Arabian Peninsula. Tropical Ecology 48(1): 51-60.

Alkhail, M.S.A. and Moftah, A.E. 2011. Adaptation mechanisms of some desert plants grown in central region of Saudi Arabia. International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science Vol. 1(11): 462-470.

Al-Khamis, H. H.; Al-Hemaid, F. M.; Ibrahim, A. S. S. 2012. Diversity of perennial plants at Ibex Reserve in Saudi Arabia. J. of Animal and plant sciences, 22 (2): 484-492

Ali, A.; Alfarhan, A.H.; Robinson, E. and Aldjain, I. 2008.  Pattern of Survival and Mortality of Mangrove Populations Grown at Al-Jubail Area (Saudi Arabia) of the Arabian Gulf. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 3 (3): 610-616.

Allard, B.W. 1968. Range management training handbook for Saudi Arabia, FAO, Rome.

Allred, B.W. 1968. Range and their management in Saudi Arabia. Ministry of Agriculture and Water, Riyadh.

Allred, B.W. 1968. Range management training handbook for Saudi Arabia. FAO, Rome, P.L. : PFC/4.

Allred, B.W. 1971. Woodlands in Saudi Arabia. Dept. of Forest, Ministry of Agriculture and water, Riyadh FAO, 17p.

Al-Mana, F. A. and Aref, I. M. 1997. Suitable trees for the local environment and its uses. Extension Bulletin. Agricultural Extension Center, College of Agriculture, King Saud University. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Al-Namazi, A.; El-Bana, M.I. & Bonser, S.P.: Herbaceous plant species interactions under Acacia gerrardii Benth. canopies in the arid environment of Saudi Arabia

Al-Osti, M.M. & Abu-Hasan, A. 1987. The Important Technological Characteristics of Juniper Trees. King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. (In Arabic): xv 1 88 p.

Al-Robai, S.A.; Mohamed, H.A. ; Howiadar, S.M.; Ahmed, A.A. 2017. Vegetation structure and species diversity of Wadi Turbah Zahran, Al Baha area, southwestern Saudi Arabia. Annals of Agricultural Sciences; 62(1): 61-69.

Al-Qarawi, A.A . and Mridha, M.A.U. 2012. Status and Need of Research on Desert Truffles in Saudi Arabia. Journal of pure and applied microbiology, 6(3): 1051-1062

Al-Robai, S.A.; Mohamed, H.A. ; Howiadar, S.M.; Ahmed, A.A. 2017. Vegetation structure and species diversity of Wadi Turbah Zahran, Al Baha area, southwestern Saudi Arabia. Annals of Agricultural Sciences; 62(1): 61-69.

AL-ROBAI, S. A 2024. PATTERNS OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY OF INVASIVE PLANTS AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS IN SIX DAM AREAS, AL-BAHA, SAUDI ARABIA. APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 22(3):1983-2004

Al-Rowaily S.L., 1999. Rangeland of Saudi Arabia and the “tragedy of commons”. Rangelands 21. pp.27-29.

Al-Rowaily, S.;  El-Bana, M.I. and Al-Dujain, F.A.R. 2012. Changes in vegetation composition and diversity in relation to morphometry, soil and grazing on a hyper-arid watershed in the central Saudi Arabia, Catena 97 (2012) 41–49.

Al-Rowaily, S.; El-Bana, M.I.; Al-Bakre, D.A. ; Assaeed, A.M.; Hegazy, A.K. and Basharat Ali, M.  2015. Effects of open grazing and livestock exclusion on floristic composition and diversity in natural ecosystem of Western Saudi Arabia . Saudi J. Bio. Sci.  22(4): 430–437

Alatar, A.A., Mohamed El-Sheikh, M. A. & Thomas, J. 2012, Vegetation analysis of Wadi Al-Jufair, a hyper arid region in Central Saudi Arabia, Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 19 (3): 357-368

Alatar, A.A.; El-Sheikh, M.A.R.; Thomas, J.; Hegazy, A.K. and El Adawy, H.A. 2015. Vegetation, Floristic Diversity and Size-Classes of Acacia gerrardii in an Arid Wadi Ecosystem. Arid Land Research and Management, 29: 335–359.

Alsakhan, M.O. 1997. Present state of rangeland and forest of Saudi Arabia: important of their conservation and development. In: Proceeding of renewable natural resources and the important of protecting and developing them. Dept. of Range and Forest, Ministry of Agriculture and Water, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. (in Arabic).

ALSALEM, A. A.;– ALFARHAN, A. A.; EL-SHEIKH, M. A. FLORISTIC STRUCTURE AND VEGETATION DIVERSITY OF THE WADI OTHYLAN PROTECTED AREA IN SAUDI ARABIA. APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 18(6):8119-8130

Al-Sewaigh, S. M. Al-Whaibi, M. H., and Basalah, M. O. 1991. Simulation of salt stress in date palm seedlings. Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res. 9(1): 45-62. (In Arabic).

Al Shaye, N.A., Y.S Masrahi, J. Thomas. 2020. Ecological significance of floristic composition and life forms of Riyadh region, Central Saudi Arabia, Saudi journal of biological sciences 27 (1), 35-40.

Alsherif, E.A. 2019. Ecological studies of Commiphora genus (myrrha) in Makkah region, Saudi Arabia,Heliyon. 5. e01615. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01615.

Al-Sheikh, A.M.; Mahmood, A. & El-Tom, M. 1985. Ecology of the inland salt marsh vegetation at Al-Shiggah in Al-Qassim district, Saudi Arabia, Arab Gulf Jour. Sci. & Res., 3(1): 165-182.

Al-Sheikh, A.A. & Tag El-Din, S. 1996. Study of watershed resources of Raudhat Khuraym, Saudi Arabia, as a model for desert development. In Omar, S.A.S.; Misak, R.; Al-Ajmi, D. & Al-Awadhi, N. (eds.) Sustainable Development in Arid Zones. Vol. 2, Mangement and improvement of desert resources: pp. 561-.573. Balkema Publishers, Brookfield.

Al-Sheriff, A.S. 1984. The geography of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Part II. The south western province. Dar El-Marikh, Riyadh.

Al-Shomrany, S.A.A., 1994. Methods of protecting soil from drifting in Al-Sarah region in the southwestern Saudi Arabia. In: The proceedings of Desert Studies in Saudi Arabia, a Symposium held at The Desert Studies Centre, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from 2 to 4 October 1994, pp: 248-312.

Al-Sodany, Y.M.; Mosallam, H.A. and Baziad, S.A. 2011. Vegetation analysis of Mahazat Al-Sayd Protected area: The second largest fenced nature reserve in the world. World Applied sciences Journal. 15(8): 1144-1156

Al-Soliman, T.M. 1993 Environmental impacts and the need for a national environmental policy in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 10(3): 219–41.

Al-Sultan, S.; Tanaka,S, A.Hoyano, A.; & Sugimura, T. 2000.  Monitoring of vegetation growth along Wadi Al-Rumah, KSA using C-band of Radarsat, L-band of JERS-1 and comparison with LandsatTM data. Adv. SpuceRes.  26 (7) 1155-1158.g

Al-Taisan, W.A. 2012. Identification of plant species in Rawdhatumalkhfas, Riyadh Saudi Arabia by Germinable soil seed bank. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 302-311

Al-Taisan WA  Al-Taisan WA  2022. Floristic diversity and vegetation of the az Zakhnuniyah Island, Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia. Heliyon

Al-Turki, T. A. 1992: Systematic and ecological studies of Suaeda and Salicornia from Saudi Arabia and Britain. – Ph. D. Thesis, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England

Al-Turki, T.A. & Thomas, J. 2010. An account on the floral dimorphism and ecology of the genus Moltkiopsis I.M.Johnst. (Boraginaceae) in Saudi Arabia. Turk J Bot. 34 (5): 367-377.

Al-Turki, T.A. and Basahi, M.A. 2015. Assessment of ISSR based molecular genetic diversity of Hassawi rice in Saudi Arabia Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.

Al-Wadie, H. 2002. Floristic composition and vegetation of Wadi Talha, Aseer Mountains, South West Saudi Arabia. Online J. of Bio. Sci. 2(5): 285-288.

AlWadie, H.M. 2007. PLANT COMMUNITIES IN WADI AYAA SOUTHWESTERN SAUDI ARABIA, Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Botany), 3: 1 – 8

Al-Wasel, A.S. 2000. Micropropagation of Acacia seyal  Del. in vitro, J. Arid Env. 46(4): 425-431.

Alwelaie, A.N. 1985. The role of natural and human factors in the degradation of the environment in Central, Eastern and Northern Saudi Arabia. PhD thesis, University of California, Riverside.

Alwelaie, A.N. 1989. Factors contributing to the degradation of the environment in central, eastern and northern Saudi Arabia. In A.H. Abuzinada, P.H. Goriup and I.A. Nader (eds) Wildlife Conservation and Development in Saudi Arabia (pp. 37–61). Proceedings of the First Symposium, Riyadh 1987. NCWCD Publication Number 3. Riyadh: NCWCD.

Alwelaie, A.N., Chaudhary, S.A. & Al-Wetaid, Y. 1993. Vegetation of some Red Sea Islands of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Jour. Arid. Env. 24: 287-296.

Al-Wetaid, A. 2003. Status of Red Sea mangrove in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (Draft Report. PERSGA, Jeddah (In Arabic).

Al-Yemeni, M. & Al-Farraj, M.M. 1995. The seed bank of desert soil in Central Saudi Arabia. Pak. Jour. Bot. 27: 309-319.

Al-Yemeni, M.N. 2001. Ecology of some plant communities in Wadi Al-Ammaria, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 8 (2): 145-165.

Al-Yemeni MN 2000. Ecological studies on Sand dunes vegetation in Al-Kharj region, Saudi Arabia. Saudi J. Bio. Sci., 7(1): 64-87. 

Al-Yemeni, M.N.; Al-Farraj, M.M. and Alfarhan, A.2000. Ecological studies on Rawdhat system in Saudi Arabia – II. Soil seed bank of Rawdhat Khorim, Pak. J. Bot., 32(2): 273-282.

Al-Yemeni, M.N. and Zayed, K.M. 1999. Ecology of some plant communities along Riyadh-Al-Thumamah Road, Saudi Arabia. Saudi J. Bio. Sci., 6(1): 9-26.

Al-Yemeni, M.N. and Basahy, A.Y. 1999. Breaking of seed dormancy in Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiff., Pak. J. Bot. 31(2): 247-252.

Al-Yemeni, M.N.; Al-Helal, A.A. 2000. Some metabolic changes in germinated Acacia farnesiana L. seeds,  Kuwait J. of Science & Engineering,  27 (2): 311-319.

Al-Yemeni, M.N.; Hussian, M.A.; Basahy, A.Y. 2000. Mineral composition of some sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) grown in the Gizan area of Saudi Arabia. Phyton-international J. of Experimental Botany,  67: 121-125   

Al-Yemeni, M, and Sher, H. 2010. Biological spectrum with some other ecological attributes of the flora and vegetation of the Asir Mountain of South West, Saudi Arabia. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 9(34)5550-5559.

Alyemeni, M.N. 2002. Germinable soil seed bank of desert plant communities in wadi Al-Ammaria, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Kuwait J. of Sci. and Engg. 29(2): 111-123

Al-Zaghat, M.F. and El-Din, S.S.T. 1983. Cultivation of Atriplex spp.- Desert Research Institute Experimental station. Publ. 3, Riyadh.

Al-Zahrani, M.H. 2003. Study on the vegetation and ecosystem of Bani Saad Mountains, South of Al-Taif City. Umm Al-Qura Univ. J. Sci. Med. Eng. 15(1): 9-21

Al-Zahrani, K.H. & Elhag, E.A. 2005.  Environmental pollution and its effect on The Sustainable Development of Tourism and Vegetation  in Al-Baha area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . Res. Bull., No. (139), Food Sci. & Agric. Res. Center, King Saud Univ., 5-35.

Al-Zeid, A.M. & Al-Khateeb, S.A. 2004. Productivity and quality of Panicum turgidum Forssk. growing in Eastern Saudi Arabia. Damascus J. of Agri. Sci. 20: 151-162.

Amin, A.A. 2004. The extent of desertification on Saudi Arabia. Environmental Geology. 46(1): 22-31

Andrew V.Bradley; Alice E.Haughan; AhmedAl-Dughair; Sue J.McLaren 2019 Spatial variability in shrub vegetation across dune forms in central Saudi Arabia, Journal of Arid Environments 161: 72-84

Anonymous 1980. A report on the excursion to Al-Khuraym, Khafs and the areas surrounding Sudair, Riyadh Ministry of Agriculture and Water (in Arabic) 17p.

Anton, D., 1984. “ Aspects of Geomorphological Evolution: Paleosols and Dunes in Saudi Arabia.” In: A. Jado and J. Zotl, (eds.). Quaternary Period in Saudi Arabia, pp. 275-296, New York: Springer-Verlag.

Aref, I. M. and El-Juhany, L. I. 1999. Effects of water deficit on the growth of Acacia asak, A. tortilis and A. gerrardi. Mansoura University J. of Agri. Sci., Egypt, 24  (10): 5627-5636.

Aref, I. M., El-Juhany, L. I.  and Nasroon, T. H. 1999. Pattern above-ground biomass production and allocation in of Leucaena leucocephala (lam.) de Wit. trees when planted at different spacing. Saudi J. of Biol. Sci.,  6, (1): 27-34.

Aref, I. M., Al-kherb, S. M., El-Juhany,L. I., El-Husssieni, S. and El-Wakeel, A. O.. 2000. Fungi associated with leaf blight in Juniperus procera (Hochest.Ex. EndL) seedling growth in green house. Alexandria Science Exchange, Egypt,  21(2): 145-152.

Aref,  I.  M. 2000. Effects of pre-germination treatments and sowing depths upon germination potential of some Acacia species. King Saud University College of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Center, Research Bulletin, Saudi Arabia, No. 95: 5-17.

Aref, I. M and El-Juhany L. I. 2001. Impact of sudden water stress on the growth of eight Acacia species.  Alexandria Science Exchange, Egypt, 22 (4): 413-422.

Aref, I. M. 2002. The effect of light intensity on seed germination and seedling growth of Cassia fistula (Linn.), Enterolobium saman (Jacq.) Prin Ex King. and Delonix regia (BOJ) RAF. Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research, Egypt, 47 (2): 73-80.

Aref M. I. 2002. Growth potential of some legume forest species in media mixed with litterfall from different tree plantations. Proceedings of the Symposium for tourism and gardens. Held in Jordan, KJH,  94-100.

Aref, M. I., Elkhalifa, K.F., and El-Juhany L. I. A 2003. dendrological Key Identification of Acacia species growing in Saudi Arabia and Northern Sudan. J. of King Abdulaziz University Meteorology Environment and Arid Land Agriculture Sciences, Saudi Arabia, 14: 87-94.

Aref, I. M., El-Juhany L. I., and Hegazy S. S. 2003. Comparison of the growth and biomass production of six Acacia species in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia after 4 years of irrigated cultivation. Journal of Arid Environments, USA,  54: 783-792.

Aref. I. M and El-Juhany L. I. and Hegazy S. S. 2004. Effect of initial thinning on the growth and biomass characteristics of Zizyphus spine christi trees. Pakistan J. of Biol. Sci., Pakistan, 7 (1): 1-5.

Aref, M. I., El-Juhany L. I., and Elkhalifa, K.F. 2004. Effects of sodium chloride concentrations on seed germination of Acacia nilotica spp. tomentosa and Acacia gerrardii var. najdensis. Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Research,  Egypt, 9 (1) : 33-41

Aref, I. M., L. I. El-Juhany and S. S. Hegazy 2003. Comparison of the growth and biomass production of six Acacia species in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia after four years of irrigated cultivation. Journal of Arid Environments 54 (4): 783-792.

Aref, I. M and Al-Galaty, M. A. 2008.  Effect of Forest Fires on Tree Diversity in Baha Region Forest. Fourth International Conference for Development and Environment. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 18-20 March.

Aref. I.M; El-Juhany, L. and Shalby, M. N. 2006. Establishment of   Acacia plantation in the Central part of Saudi Arabia with the aid of Driwater. The 2nd International Conference on Water Resources and Arid Environment, 26-29 November, Riyadh-Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Aref, I. M. 2000. Afforestation and reforestation in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 52 p.25-29. King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Aref, I. M. 2000. Domestic tourism’ A new scientific and ornamental view. Al-Yamamh magazine, vol. 1622, p38-41. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 14.

Aref, I. M. 2000. Deterioration of the environment and its causes. Journal of King Khalid Military College, Vol. 62 (53-57). Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Aref, I.M. and El-Juhany, L.I. 2004. Planting Juniperus procera trees in the natural forests of Saudi Arabia: the first trial. In: the Second Conference of Development and Environment in Arab World. Assiut University, Egypt, 23-25 March 2004, pp: 339-344.

Aref, I.M. and L.I. El-Juhany, 2000. Natural and planted forests In Saudi Arabia; their past and present. Arabian Gulf Journal Scientific Research, Bahrain, 2000, 18(1): 64-72. (In Arabic). Philip, 1994.

Assaeed, A. M. 1997. The present state of rangelands and the important of protecting them. I n : Proceeding of renewable natural resources and the important of protecting and developing them. Dept. of Range and Forest, Ministry of Agriculture and Water, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. (in Arabic)

Assaeed A.M., 1997. Estimation of biomass and utilization of three perennial grasses in Saudi Arabia. J. of Arid Environments 36: 103-111.

Assaeed, A.M. 1996. Hammada elegans–Rhazya stricta competitive relationships in a deteriorated range site in Raudhat Al-Khafs, Saudi Arabia. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ. 21: 957-964.

Assaeed, A.M.; Al-Saiady, M.Y.; Al-Jaloud, A,A. 1995. Towards formulating a management plan for Farasan wildlife reserve. A Report on results of field and laboratory research and observations. NWCD, Riyadh, pp 40

Assaeed, A.M. & Al-Doss, A.A. 1997. Allelopathic effects of Rhazya stricta on seed germination of some range plants, Annals Agric. Sci., Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, 42(1), 159-167.

Assaeed A. M. and A. A. Al-Doss. 1996. Effect of Rhazya stricta foliage leachate on seedling growth and survival of some range plant species. Met., Envi., Arid Land Agric. Sci. 7: 13-20.

Assaeed, A.M. and A.A. Al-Doss 2002. Soil seed bank of a desert range site infested with Rhazya stricta in Raudhat al-Khafs, Saudi Arabia. Arid Land Res. & Manage. 16:83-95.

Assaeed, A.M., Al-Doss, A.A., 2001. Seedling competition of Lasiurus scindicus and Rhazya stricta in response to water stress. Journal of Arid Environments 49: 315–320.

Ayyad, M.A. 1998. Multipurpose species in Arab African countries. UNESCO Cairo Office, Cairo, Egypt. 

Aziz, M. & Abdul Wahid, Y. 1977. The final report on the second agriculture defense line in Al-Hassa. Sand Stabilization project, Min. Agri. and water, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Badr, A. El-Shazly; Helail, N.S. and el Ghanim, W. 2012. Genetic diversity of Artemisia populations in central and north Saudi Arabia based on morphological variation and RAPD polymophism. Plant Syst. Evol. 298: 871-886.

Bagader, A.A., El-Sabbagh, A., Al-Glayand, M., Sammari, M. and Llewellyn, O. 1991. Islamic principles for the conservation of the natural environment. IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper 20. Gland Switzerland: IUCN.

Bagnold, R.A. 1951. Sand formations in southern Arabia. Geogr. J. 117: 78-85.

Baierle, H.U. & Frey, W. 1986. A Vegetational transect through central Saudi Arabia (At-Taif-Ar-Riyadh) in Kurschner, H. (ed). 1986a: 111-136.

Baierle, H.U.; El-Sheikh, A.M.; Frey, W.; Konig, P. & Kurschner, H. 1985. TAVO AVIG MITTLERES Saudi Arabian vegetation (Central Saudi Arabia – Vegetation) Wiesbade, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag.

Basson, P.W., Burchard, J.E., Hardy, J.T. and Price, A.R.T. 1977. Biotopes of the Western Arabian Gulf: Marine Life and Environments of Saudi Arabia. Dhahran: Arabian American Oil Company

Barth, H. 1995. An assessment of the impact of overgrazing within the sanctuary and an evaluation of the potential grazing capacity. In: F. Krupp and R. Fleming, Editors, Establishment of a marine habitat and wildlife sanctuary for the Gulf region, CEC/NCWCD, Jubail and Frankfurt, pp. 131–147

Barth, H. 1999. Desertification in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, J. Arid. Env. 43(4): 399-410

Barth, H. 1998. Status of Vegetation and an Assessment of the Impact of Overgrazing in an Area north of Jubail, Saudi Arabia. In: S. A.S. Omar, R. Misak and D. Al-Ajmi, Editors, Sustainable development in arid zones, Balkena, Rotterdam pp. 435–450.

Barth, H. (ed.) 2002. Sabkha ecosystems: Vol. 1. The Arabian Peninsula and Adjacent countries. Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht.

Barth, H.-J. and Böer, B. (eds) 2002. The sabkha ecosystems of the Arabian Peninsula region: distribution and ecology. Tasks for Vegetation Science. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Barth, H. 2006. Sabkha Edge Vegetation of Coastal and Inland Sabkhat in Saudi Arabia. Khan, M.A. and Weber, D.J. (eds). Ecophysiology of high salinity tolerant plants 40: 215-224.

Barth, H.; A. Niestlé, A. & Barth, H. 1994. Geographical and geo-ecological survey of the sanctuary area. In: E. Feltkamp and F. Krupp, Editors, Establishment of a marine habitat and wildlife sanctuary for the Gulf region, CEC/NCWCD, Jubail and Frankfurt pp. 43–156

Basahy, A.Y. 1996.  Seed Germination Response of Two Desert Species from Saudi Arabia to Temperature, J. of King Saud University. Science. 8(1): 25-32

Basalah, M.O. 1991. Effect of salinity on seed germination and growth of squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) seedlings. Arab Gulf J. Res., 9(2):87-97.

Basalah, M.O. 2001. Analysis of some plant growth regulators in some medicinal dormant seeds of desert plants in Saudi Arabia I: Cytokinin contents of Rhazya stricta seeds. Pak. J. Bio. Sci. 4(1): 50-52.

Basalah, M.O. 2010. Action of salinity on seed germination and seedling growth of Solanum melongena L., J. Agric. Res. Kafer El-Sheikh Univ., 36 (1): 64-73 

Basson, P.W.; Burchard, J.E. hardy, J.T. & Price, A.R.G. 1977. Biotopes of Western Arabian Gulf, Aramco, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.

Batanouny, K.H. 1975. Certain factors involved in the evaluation of lands in arid and semi-arid zones. International Seminar, Land evaluation in arid and semi-arid lands of Latin America. ILLA, Rome pp.79-96.

Batanouny, K. H. 1981. Ecology and Flora of Qatar. Doha: University of Qatar.

Batanouny, K.H. 1979. Vegetation along the Jeddah-Mecca road: pattern and process as affected by human impact. J. Arid Environ. 2:21-30.

Batanouny, K.H. 1987. Current knowledge of plant ecology in the Arab Gulf countries. Catena 14:291-316.

Batanouny, K.H. 1991. Vegetation of the Summan (Arabia): Pattern and process as affected by human impact and modern technology. IVth. International Rangeland Congress, Montpellier, France. 4: 310-314.

Batanouny, K.H. 1984. Rangelands of the Arabian Peninsula with a special reference to the history of range management: The Hema, an old Arabian reserve system, Second Int. Rangeland Congress, Working papers, Adelaide, Australia.

Batanouny, K.H. 1985. Latin botanical names of Arabic origin. Bull. Faculty of Human and Social Sci Univ. of Qatar. 9:395-431 (in Arabic).

Batanouny, K.H. 1987. Current knowledge of plant ecology in the Arab Gulf countries, Catena, 14: 291-316.

Batanouny, K.H. 1990. Rangeland ecology of the Arab Gulf countries. Proceeding of the First International Conference on Range Management in the Arabian Gulf. 33-56. London: Kegan Paul International.

Batanouny, K.H. and Baeshin, N.A. 1978. Studies on the flora of Arabia: 1, the Jeddah-Mecca road, Saudi Arabia. Taeckholmia 9: 67-81.

Batanouny, K.H. and N.A. Baeshin 1983. Plant communities along the Medina- Badr road across the Hejaz mountains, Saudi Arabia. Vegetatio 53:33-43.

Batanouny, K.H. 1996. Traditional land use in the deserts of the Arab World. The International Conference on Desert Development in the Arab Countries -State of Kuwait, pp 697-705.

Batanouny, K.H. 1994.   Halophytes and halophytic plant communities in the Arab region in Halophytes as a resource for livestock and for rehabilitation of degraded lands. Tasks for vegetation science. 32: Pp 139-163.

Bemert, G. & Ormond, R. 1981. Red Sea Coral Reefs. London, UK: Kegan Paul International: 192 pp.

Black, C.A. (ed.) 1979. Methods of soil analysis. American Soc. of Agronomy, 2: 771-1572

Blot, J. & Hajar, A.S. 1994. Evaluation of the ecological situation of the Raydah Protected area, first report. Report to the NCWCD, Riyadh.

Blunt, A. 1881. A pilgrimage to Nejd. London: Joh Murray, 2 volumes, (Reprint (1968), London: Frank Cass).

Böer, B. & Chaudhary, S.I. 1999. New records for the flora of the United Arab Emirates. Willdenowia 29: 159-165.

Böer, B. 1993. Anomalous pneumatophores and adventitious roots of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. Mangroves two years after the 1991 Gulf War oil spill in Saudi Arabia Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 27: 207-211

Böer, B. and Lieth, H. (1999) ‘Halophytes for seawater irrigation in the Arabian Peninsula – a review’. In: Leith, H., Hamdy, A., Koyro, H.-W. and Moschenko, M. (eds) Halophyte crop development for different climates, pp 33–55. Proceedings of the 3rd Seminar of the EU Concerted Action Group IC 18 CT 96–0055. Journal of Biometeorology

Bokhari, U. G. Alyaesh, F. & Al-Noori, M. 1987: Adaptive strategies of Desert Grasses in Saudi Arabia. J. Range Manage. 40 (1): 19-22.

Boug, A. 1999. Environmental impacts of development in the Sarawat Mountains. (Unpublished report submitted to the Emara of the Al Baha, Taif and Asir regions). Riyadh: NCWCD.

Boulos, L. 1985. The Middle East. in Goodin, J.R. and Northington, D.K. (eds.) Plant Resources of arid and semi-arid lands. Academic Press. Pp. 129-185.

Boulos, L., Miller, A.G., Mill, R.R., 1994: Regional overview: South West Asia and the Middle East In: Davis, S.D., Heywood, V.H., Hamilton, A.C., (Eds.): Centres of Plant Diversity, A guide and strategy for their conservation. Vol. 1 Europe, Africa and SW Asia adn the Middle East. IUCN publications unit, Cambridge, UK.

Brooks, W.H. & Mandil, K.S.D. 1983. Vegetation dynamics in the Asir woodlands of southwestern Saudi Arabia. J. Arid Env. 6: 357-362.

Brown, G.F. 1960. Geomorphology of Western and Central Saudi Arabia. 21st International Geol. Cong. Copenhagen, Re. 21, 150-159.

Brown, G.F. 1972. Tectonic map of the Arabian Peninsula. Saudi Arabian Director General of Mineral Resources. Arabian Peninsula Map AP-2

Brown, G. 2001. Vegetation ecology and biodiversity of degraded desert areas in north-eastern Arabia. Habilitation thesis, Rostock University

Brown, G., Peacock J, Loughland, R. and Alhadrami G.A. 2005. Coastal and terrestrial ecosystem management requirements in the GCC States. UNESCO Qatar.

Buckley, R.C. 1987. The effect of sparse vegetation on the transport of dune sand by wind. Nature 325: 426–428

Canfield, R. 1941. Application of the line intercept method in sampling range vegetation. Journal of Forestry, 39: 288-393. 

Chapman, R.W. 1978. Geomorphology of Arabian Peninsula, In: Sayari, A. and Zotl, J. (eds), Quaternary period in Saudi Arabia, Springer-Verlag, New York pp. 19-29.

Chapman, R.W., 1978. General information on the Arabian Peninsula. In (Al-Sayari, S. S. and J. G. Zötl, eds). Quaternary Period in Saudi Arabia. Springer-Verlah, Weien, N.Y. pp. 4-30.

Chaudhary, S.A. & Al-Jowaid, A.A. 1999. Vegetation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Ministry of Agriculture and Water, Riyadh.

Chaudhary, S.A. 1983. Vegetation of Great Nafud. Saudi Arabian Nat. Hist. Soc. 2: 32-33.

Chaudhary, S.A. 1989. Understanding the desert range plants of Saudi Arabia, in Abu-zinada, A.; Goriup, P.D. & Nader, I.A. (eds)- Wildlife conservation and development in Saudi Arabia, Proc. First Symp., NCWCD, Publi. No. 3: 156-164.

Chaudhary, S.A.; El-Sheikh, A.M.; Al-Farraj, M.M.; Al-Farhan, A.H.; Al-Wutaid, Y. and Ahmed, S.S. 1988. Vegetation of some high altitude areas of Saudi Arabia. Proc. Saudi Bio. Soc., 11: 237-246.

Chaudhary, S.A., Le Houérou, H.N., 2006. The rangelands of the Arabian Peninsula. Secheresse 17: 179–194.

Cole, D.P. 1981. Bedouin and social change in Saudi Arabia. J. of Asian and African Studies, 16: 128-149

Collenette, I.S. 2008. Saudi Arabia’s Jabal Shada. Cactus and Succulent Journal 80(2): 67-71.

Cope, T. 2007. Flora of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra. Vol. 5(1). Edited by S. G. KNEES & A. G. MILLER. – Edinburgh University Press.

Dabbagh, AI, Hotzl, H and Schiner, H 1984.. Farasan Islands. In: Jado A and Zotl, I (eds.) Quaternary periods in Saudi Arabia, Vol. 2. Springer-Verlag, Wienn and New York,  pp. 212-226.

Danin, A. 1996. Plants of desert dunes. Springer, Heidelberg.

Danin, A. 1999. Desert rocks as plant refugia in the Near East. Botanical Review 65(2): 93–170.

Daur, I., 2012. Plant flora in the rangeland of western Saudi Arabia. Pak. J. Bot., 44 (Special Isssue): 23-26.

Davis, P.H.; Harper, P.C. and Hedge, I.C. (eds.). 1971. Plant life of South West Asia. Botanical Society of Edinburgh.

De Clerk, O. and E. Coppejans, E. 1994. Status of the macroalgae and seagrass vegetation after the 1991 Gulf War oil spill. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 166: 8–21.

Deflers, A. 1889. Voyage au Yemen. Paris: P. Klincksieck

Deil, U. & Muller-Hohenstein, K. 1985. Beitrage Zur Vegetation des Jemen 1: Pflanzengesellschaften und Ökotopgefuge der Gebirgstihamah am Beispiel des Beckens von At tur (J.A.R.). – Phytocoenologia 13(1): 1-102.

Deil, U. 1998. ‘Coastal and Sabkha Vegetation.’ In: Ghazanfar, S. and Fisher, M. (eds) Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula, pp 209–228. Geobotany 25. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Dewidar, K.H. and Al Rehili, B. 2013. Assessment of Vegetation indices for estimating plant coverage and plant density in the Northern Sarawat Mountains, Saudi Arabia. Merit Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Sciences. 1(2): 19-32.

Dicks, B.1986. Oil and black mangrove, Avicenniamarina in the Northern Red Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 17 : 500–503.

Doughty, C.M. 1888. Travels in Arabia Deserta. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Draz, A. 1965. Rangeland and its improvement in Saudi Arabia, Riyadh (in Arabic). 157 p.

Draz, A. 1972. Rangeland protection in the Arabian Peninsula and its effect on improvement of range and soil conservation. Man-Environment-Development. Arabian Organization for Education and Science, Cairo (in Arabic).

Draz, O., 1965. Rangeland development in Saudi Arabia (in Arabic), Riyadh University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Report).

Draz, O. 1965. (Umar ‘Abd al Majid Diraz). al Mara i wa wasil tahsiniha fi al mamlakah al arabiyah as  saudiyah. Ar. Riyadh.

Duba, D.R. and Ellis, J. 1978. Rangeland vegetation and livestock resources in the Arabic shield south: inventory and management, Annex 13 of unpublished report to the Min. of Agri. and water resources, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Duba, G. 1980. Woodland resources and policy of Saudi Arabia. Unpublished report. Colorado State Univ. Fort. Collins, USA.

Eben Saleh, M.A. 1996. Al-Alkhalaf vernacular landscape: the planning and management of land in an insular context, Asir region, southwestern Saudi Arabia. Landscape and Urban Planning 34(2): 79–95.

Eben Saleh, M.A. 1997. Toward a sustainable land management of vernacular landscape in the highlands of south-western Saudi Arabia: indigenous and statutory experiences. Landscape Research 22(3): 283–302.

Eben- Saleh, M. A. 1998. Land use and planning of vernacular landscape in highlands of the southwest of Saudi Arabia. – Journal of Sustainable Forestry 7: 53–76.

Edgell, H.S. 2006  Arabian Deserts: Nature, Origin and Evolution. Springer-Verlag.

El-Bana, M.I., Shaltout, K., Khalafallah, A., Mossallam, H., 2010. The ecological status of Mediterranean Juniperus phoenicea L., relicts on the isthmic desert mountains of Northern Sinai. Flora 205: 171–178.

El-Demerdash, M.A. 1996. The vegetation of the Farasan Island, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia,  J. Vegetation Science, 7: 81-88.

El-Demerdash, M.A. 1996. Vegetation-soil relationships along the Red Sea coastal desert, Saudi Arabia, J. Union Arab Biol., Cairo, 3(B): 1-22.

El-Demerdash, M.A. and Zilay, A.M. 1993. An introduction to the habitats and plant communities in Tihama coastal plains of Jazan area, Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res. 12: 285-299.

El–Demerdash, M.A., Hegazy, A.K. and Zilay, A.M. 1995. Vegetation–soil relationships in Tihamah coastal plains of Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. J. Arid Environ., 30: 161–174.

El–Demerdash, M.A., Hegazy, A.K. and Zilay, A.M. 1994. Distribution of the plant communities in Tihama coastal plains of Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Vegetatio 112: 141-151

El-Deen, H.M.E. 2005. Population Ecology of Rhazya stricta Decne. in Western Saudi Arabia, International J. of Agriculture & Biology, 932–938 

El-Din, S.S.T. 1994. The role of Atriplex species in range improvement and desertification control in arid regions.- Proc. Symp. desert studies, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Extant and implementation, Riyadh. 361-377.

El-Ghani, M.M.A. 1996. Vegetation along a transect in the Hijaz mountains (Saudi Arabia,   J. of Arid Envir.32, (3):  289-304.

El-Ghanim, W.M.; Hassan, L.M.; Tarek M. Galal, T.M. & Badr, A. 2010. Floristic composition and vegetation analysis in Hail region north of central Saudi Arabia, Saudi J.  Biological Sciences 17, 119–128.

El Ghazali, G.E.B., Al-Soqeer, A.A. & El Tayeb, G.E.A. (2013). Florestic and ecological studies on the plant cover of Wadi Al Rummah, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia. International Research Journal of Plant Science, 4(10): 310-318.

El-Juhany, L. I. and Aref, I. M. 1999. Growth and dry matter partitioning of Leucaena leucocephala (lam.) de Wit. trees as affected by water stress. Alexandria J. of Agri. Res., Egypt, 44 (2): 237-259

El-Juhany, L. I., and Aref, I.  M. 2001. Spacing effects on relative growth rates of diameter, height and biomass production in Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit before and after pruning. King Abdulaziz University Journal, Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture 12:77-87.

El-Juhany, L. I., Aref M. I., and El-Wakeel, A. O. 2002. Evaluation of above-ground biomass and stem volume of three Casuarina species grown in central region of Saudi Arabia. Emirates J. of Agri. Sci., UAE,  14: 8-13.

El-Juhany, L. I and Aref M. I. 2003. Properties of charcoal produced from some endemic and exotic Acacia species grown in Riyadh Saudi Arabia. J. of the Advances in Agricultural Research, Egypt,8 (4): 695-704.

El-Juhany, L.I. and Ibrahim M. Aref, I.M. 2012.  The Present Status of the Natural Forests in the Southwestern Saudi Arabia 2-Baha Forests. World Applied Sciences Journal 20 (2): 271-281.

El-Juhany, L. I. 2009. Present status and degradation trends of mangrove forests on the southern Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. American-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 6(3): 328–340.

El-Juhany, L.I., I.M. Aref and M.A. Al-Ghamdi, 2008. The possibility of ameliorating the regeneration of juniper trees in the natural forests of Saudi Arabia. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 4(2): 126-133.

El-Juhany, L. 2015.  The Magnitude of Dieback on Juniperus procera Trees in the Natural Forests in the Southwestern Region of Saudi Arabia. Biosciences biotechnology Research  12(1): 219-230

El-Karemy, Z.A.R. 2001. Vegetation and flora of Jabal Shumrukh, southwestern Saudi Arabia. KAU (Sci.), 30(2D): 81-98.

El-Karemy, Z.A.R. & AL-Zahrani, H. 2000. Plant Life along the Saudi Red Sea Coast Islands 1. Tawila Archipelago and Ghurab Island. J. King Abdulaziz Univ. (Sci.), 2:. 45-58

El-Karemy, Z.A.R. & Zayed, K.M. 1992. Distribution of plant communities across Al-Abna escarpment, SW Saudi Arabia. Phyton (Horn, Austria), 32: 79-101.

El-Karemy, Z.A.R. & Zayed, K.M. 1996. A contribution to the vegetation and habitat types of Baha plateau (Saudi Arabia). Feddes Repertorium 107 (1-2): 135-144.

El-Karemy, Z.A.R. & Zayed, K.M. 1999. Studies on the vegetation and soil seed bank in western Saudi Arabia: 1. Wadi Fatima, Taeckholmia 19: 63-76.

El-Khayal, A.A.; Chaloner, W.G. and Hill, C.R. 1980. Palaeozoic plants from Saudi Arabia. Nature 285: 33 – 34

Elkhalifa, K.F and  Aref M. I. 2003. Morphological Studies on Fourteen Acacia species seedling grown in Saudi Arabia. Research Bulletin: No 122: 5-11. 

El-Khouly, A.A. and Al-Dawood, A.N. 2006. Effect of National Parks on Plant Diversity Case Study: Sied National Park. The 2nd International Conf. on Water Resources & Arid Environment, 1-16.

Al-Mutairi, K.A. and Al Shami, S.A. 2014. Spatial and Environmental determinants of plant diversity in Farasan Archipelago, Saudi Arabia. Life Science Journal 11(7): 61-69.

El-Osta, M. L. M. and Abohassan A. A. (1983). Extractives and lignin content variation in young Casuarina trees grown in Riyadh and their     importance to utilization. J. Coll. Agric., King Saud Univ. 14(1): 95-109.

El-Osta, M. L. M. and Abohassan, A. A. (1984). Effect of drying on crystallinity and crystallite size of cellulose in Juniperus procera. J. Coll. Agric. King Saud University.

El-Osta, M.L.M., 1983. Estimation of Volume of Standing Timber in the South-Western Region of Saudi Arabia. J. College of Agric. King Saud Univ., 5: 115-123.

El-Shabasy A and Kasem W 2018. Systematic composition, species diversity and plant chorology at Wadi Tashar, Jazan, SaudiArabia. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 6(1): 83-88

El-Shabasy A. 2019. The Harmful Impact Effect of Wild Climbing Plants in Jazan Region, KSA.  International Journal of Science and Research 8 (1): 250-254

Al-Shehri, M.A.; El-Sheikh, M.A.; , Al-Farhan, A.H.;, Arif, I.A.; Rajakrishnan, R.; Alatar, A.A. Faisal, M.; , Basahi, R.A. and  Al-Abbadi, G.A. 2019. Ecology of endangered Prunus korshinskyi Hand.-Mazz. in Jabal Al-Lauz, Saudi Arabia: Plant associations, size structure, and nutritional screening. Saudi Journal of Bio. Sci. 

El-Sheikh, A.M. & Chaudhary, S.A. 1988. Plants and plant communities of the Al-Harrah protected areas. Proc. of the Saudi Biol. Soc. 11: 211-235.

El-Sheikh, A. M. Chaudhary, S. A., Hassan, H. M. & Al-Farraj, M. M. 1989: Endangered or rare plant species in Saudi Arabia. Wildlife Conservation and Development in Saudi Arabia. NCWCD Publication no. 3: 220-229.

El-Sheikh, A.M. 1984. Germination of the halophytes: Zygophyllum decumbens from Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res. 2: 373-384.

El-Sheikh, A. M. Mahmoud, A. & El-Toum, M. 1985: Ecology of inland salt marsh vegetation at Al-Shiggah in Al-Qassim District, Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf Journal Sc. Res. 3: 165-182.

El-Sheikh, A.M. & Youssef, M.M. 1981 Halophytic and xerophytic vegetation near Al-Kharj springs. J. of Coll. Sci., University of Riyadh12: 5-21.

El-Sheikh, M.A.; Thomas, J.; Alatar, A.A.;  Hegazy, A.K.;  Abbady, G.A. Alfarhan, A.H.; Okla, M.I. 2013. Vegetation of Thumamah Nature Park: a managed arid land site  in Saudi Arabia. Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei, 24:349–367.

El-Sheikh, M.A.; Abbadi, G.A. and Alatar, A.A. 2012. Phytosociological behaviour and mineral allocation in Panicum turgidum Forssk. along the coast of the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait. Feddes Repertorium 123(3): 177–192

El -Sheikh, M.;  Thomas, J.;,  Alfarhan, A.; Alatar, A.A.; Sivadasan, M.;  Hennekens, S.M.; Schaminee, J.H.J.; Mucina, L.;  Alansari, A.M. 2017. SaudiVeg ecoinformatics: Aims, current status and perspectives. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences (2017) 24, 389–398

El-Sheikh, M. A.;  Al-Shehri, M.A.’ Alfarhan , A.H.; Alatar, A.A.; Rajakrishnan, R.and  Al-Rowaily, S. 2019. Threatened Prunus arabica in an ancient volcanic protected area of Saudi Arabia: Floristic diversity and plant associations. Saudi Journal of Bio. Sci. 26: 325-333

El-Shourbagy, M.N.; Baeshin, N.A. and El-Sahhar, K.F. 1986. Studies on the ecology of the western provinces of Saudi Arabia. I-Vegetation and soil of the Jeddah-Tuwal area. Feddes Repertorium 97: 705-712.

El-Shourbagy, M.N.; Baeshin, N.A. and El-Sahhar, K.F. 1987. Studies on the ecology of the western provinces of Saudi Arabia. II-Vegetation and soil Wadi-Qudaid-Wadi Sitarah Ecosystem. Res. Sci. KAU, pp. 5-17.

El-Shourbagy, M.N.;  Al-Eidaros, O.H. and Al-Zahrani, H.S. 1987. Distribution of Halopeplis perfoliata (Forssk) Bunge ex Schweinf. in the Red Sea Coastal Salt Marshes: Phytosociological Relations and Responses to Soils. Journal of Coastal Research . 3(2): 179-187

El-Tawil, B.A. 1983. Chemical constituents of indigenous plants used in native medicine of Saudi Arabia, II. Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res. 1(2): 395-419.

Emad El-Deen, H.M. 2005. Population Ecology of Rhazya stricta Decne. in Western Saudi Arabia. International J. of Agri. & Bio. Vol. 7 (6): 932–938.

Facey, W., Guise, A. and Waters, J. (eds) (1993) The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (9th edn). London and New Jersey: Stacey International.

FAO (1996). FAO Country Report, Saudi Arabia prepared by National Agriculture and Water Research Centre Riyadh, for the FAO International Technical Conference on Plant Genetic Resources, Leipzig, Germany, 17-23 June 1996.

Fadl, M.A.; Hussein F. Farrag, H.F.; Al-Sherif E. A. 2015. Floristic composition and vegetation analysis of wild legumes in Taif district, Saudi Arabia, International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science 5(2): 74-80

Fahmy, A.G., Hassan, L.M., 2005. Plant diversity of wadi el Ghayl, Aseer Mountains, Saudi Arabia. Egypt. J. Desert Res. 55: 39–52.

Fakhry, A.M. and Anazi, H.K. 2017. Floristic diversity and vegetation structure of Al-Dissah area North-Western Saudi Arabia. Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Bot.), 13(2): 447 – 457

Farraj, M.M.; Yemeni, M.N. and Ahmed H. Alfarhan 1997. Ecological studies on raudhat system in Saudi Arabia. 1- Raudhat Khorim. Pak. Jour. Bot. 29(1): 75-88.

Fayed, A., Zayed, K., 1999. Vegetation along Makkah-Taif road (Saudi Arabia). Arab. Gulf J. Sci. Res. 7, 97–117.

Fayed, A.; Zayed, K. & Soliman, S. 1987. A contribution to the study of vegetation of Al-Figra Highland, Medina (Saudi Arabia), Taeckholmia 10: 33-53.

Freas, K.E. and Kemp, P.R. 1983. Some relationship between environmental reliability and seed dormancy in desert annual plants, J. Ecol. 71: 211-217.

Frey, W., KÜrchner, H., EI-Sheikh, A. M. & Migahid, A. M. 1984. Zonation and photosynthetic pathways of halophytes on the Red Sea coast near Tawwal (Saudi Arabia). Note Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42: 45-56.

Frey, W., KÜrschner, H. and Stichler, W. 1985. Photosynthetic pathways and ecological distribution of halophytes from littoral salt marshes (Egypt/Sinai, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Iran). Flora. 177: 107-130.

Frey, W., KÜrchner, H. 1986. Masqat area (Oman). Remnants of vegetation in an urban habitat. In: KÜrchner, H. (ed.). Contributions to the vegetation of southwest Asia. pp. 201-221 – Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag.

Frey, W. & KÜrchner, H. 1989. Die vegeation im Vorderen Orient. Erlauterungen zur Karte A VI 1 Vorderer Orient. Vegetation des TÜbinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients. Beihefte zum TÜbinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe A (Naturwissenschaften) Nr. 30. Dr Ludwing Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden.

Friis, I. and Thulin, M. 1984. The spelling of Pehr Forsskals family name. Taxon 33: 668-672.

Galal, T.M.; Al-Yasi, H.M.; Fadl, M.A. 2021. Vegetation zonation along the desert-wetland ecosystem of Taif Highland, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences xxx (xxxx) xxx

Gallacher, D.J. 2006. Effects of camel grazing on the ecology of small perennial plants in the Dubai (UAE) inland desert. J. of Arid Envi. 66 (4) 738-750.

Gardner, A.S. & Fisher, M. 1996. How the forest lost its trees: Just so storytelling about juniper in Arabia. Jour. Arid Environ., 26: 199-201 

Gazer, M.H. 2011. Vegetation composition and floristical diversity in date palm orchards of Central Saudi Arabia. Acta Botanica Hungarica, 53 (1-2): 111-126.

Ghamdi, F.A. & Al-Zahrani, R.M.A. 2010. Seed morphology of some species of Tephrosia Pers. (Fabaceae) from Saudi Arabia Identification of species and systematic significance Feddes Repertorium 121(1-2): 59-65

Ghazanfar, S. A. and Fisher, M. 1998. Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula. London: Kluwer.

Ghazanfar, S.A. 2006. Saline and alkaline vegetation of NE Africa and the Arabian Peninsula: An overview Biosaline Agriculture and Salinity Tolerance in Plants Edited by M. O¨ ztürk, Y.Waisel, M.A. Khan and G. Go¨ rk  Birkh¨auser Verlag/Switzerland.

Ghazy, Abdel-Halim, 2013. Identification and distribution of ALS resistant Lolium rigidum populations in Saudi Arabia. J. of Food, Agri. and Environ. 11(3 &4): 1311-1314.

Giacomini, V.; Longhitano, N. & Corti, L. 1979. Cartography of the Vegetation of the Eastern (Hasa) Province of Saudi Arabia. Pubblicazioni dell’Instituto di Botanica dell’Universiti di Catania, Universitaria Libraria Catanese, Catania.

Gomaa, N.H. 2012. Composition and diversity of weed communities in Al-Jouf Province, northern Saudi Arabia. Saudi J. Biological Sciences, 19(3): 369-376.

Gorai, M; Gasmi, H & Neffati, M. 2011. Factors influencing seed germination of medicinal plant Salvia aegyptiaca L. (Lamiaceae). Saudi Biological Society, 18(3): 255-260

Grainger, J. 1982. Flora of Hemas. Progress Report Project 81-1 sect. 3. CID/FMES Project. King Abdulaziz Univ., Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Grainger, J. 1987. A review of site inventory work for terrestrial protected areas in Saudi Arabia. Presented to first workshop on the design and implementation of a protected area system plan for Saudi Arabia, 11th-13th April, 1987, NCWCD, Riyadh.

Hagra, H.H. 1978. Field study on the ecology of Avicennia marina along the Red Sea coast, Saudi Arabia, Proc. Saudi Biol. Soc. 83-100 (in Arabic)

Hajar, A.S.; Faragalla, A.A. and Al-Ghamdi, K.M. 1991. Impact of biological stress on Junperus excelsa M. Bieb. In south western Saudi Arabia; insect stress. Jour. Arid Environments, 21: 327-330.

Hajara, H.H. & Batanouny, K.H. 1977. Desertization in Saudi Arabia , Proc. Saudi. Bio. Soc., 2: 34-45.

Hajar, A.S.; Faragalla, A.A. & Al-Ghamdi, K.M. 1991. Impact of biological stress on Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. in south-western Saudi Arabia: insect stress. J. of Arid Env. 21: 327-330.

Hajar, A.S.M. 1993. A comparative ecological study on the vegetation of the protected grazed parts of Hema Sabihah, in Al-Bahah region, south western Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf J. of Sci. Res. 11: 259-280.

Hajar, A.S. 1996. On the ecology of Calotropis procera (Ait.)Ait. (Sodom apple). (1) Responses to seawater salinity, J. Union Arab Biol., Cairo, 3(B): 87-99.

Hajar, A.S. and Gumgumjee, N.M. 2013. Antimicrobial activities and evaluation of genetic effects of Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori using molecular techniques. International Journal of plant, animal, environmental sciences 4(1): 65-72.

Hajrah, H. & Batanouny, K.H. 1977. Desertization in Saudi Arabia. Proc. First Conf. Biol. Soc., Saudi Arabia, pp 34-52.

Hall, M. & Miller, A. G. 2010. Documenting plants in a changing climate: a case study from Arabia. In: HODKINSON, T. R., JONES, M. B., WALDREN, S. & PARNELL, J. A. N. (eds) Climate Change, Ecology and Systematics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hall, M., Miller, A.G., Llewellyn, O., Abbasi,T.M., Al-Harbi, R.J, & Al-Shammari, K.F. 2011. Important plant areas in the Arabian Peninsula. 3. ‘Uruq bani Ma’arid” Edinburgh  Journal of Botany 68: 183-197.

Llewellyn, O.A., Hall, M., Miller, A.G., Al-Abbasi, T.M., Al-Wetaid, A.H., Al-Harbi, R.J & Al-Shammari, K.F.  2011. Important plant areas in the Arabian Peninsula. 4. Jabal Aja. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 68: 199-224.

Hammouda, M.A. and Redwan, S.M. 1973. A study of heat resistances of some plants from Riyadh area. Bull. Fac. Sci. Riyad Univ. 5: 31-37.

Ha-Reubent, E. 1932. Medicinal herbs of the Arabs. El, Palacio, Santa Fe. 33:153-154.

Harper, J.L., 1977. Population Biology of Plants, pp. 892. Academic Press, London

Harper, J.L. and J. White, 1974. The demography of plants. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 5: 419–63 

Hashem, A.R. 1996. Mineral content of soil and wild plants from Saudi Arabia, Qatar Univ. Sci. J. 16(2):291-295.

Hashem, A.R. & Al-Farhan, A.H. 1993. Minerals content of wild plants from Ashafa, Toroba, Wahat and Wehait (Saudi Arabia). J. King Saud Univ., Sci. 5(2): 101-106.

Hashem, A.R. & Al-Farraj, M.M. 1995. Mineral analysis of soil, Euphorbia hirta L. and Mycoflora from the industrial Yanbu city, Saudi Arabia. Qatar Univ. Sci. J. 15(1): 83-89.

Hassan, H.M. & Al-Hemaid, F.M. 1994. Road-Side trees and shrubs in Saudi Arabia, Jizan-Abha Motorway (Aqabat Ashshaar). Biol. Sci. 3: 9-25.

Hassan, H.M. & Al-Hemaid, F.M. 1995. Road-side trees shrubs in Saudi Arabia along side Al-Qunfuda- Al-Batha, Motor way (Aqabat el-Baha). J. King Saud Univ., (Sci) 7(2): 61-171

Hassan, H.M. & Al-Hemaid, F.M.A. 1997. Road-side trees and shrubs in Saudi Arabia, along the Abha-Taif Motorway. J. King Saud. Univ. (Sci.).

Hassan_HM, Al-Farraj_MM 1989 Distribution and seed description of the genus Acacia (Mimosoideae – Leguminosae)in Saudi  Arabia. Arab Gulf J. Scientific Res. 7(2): 125-144 (1989) – illus.

Hedge, I.C. 1986. Plant life of southwest Asia. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 89B.

Heemstra, H. 1982-1986. Establishment and activities of the range and animal development research center at Al-Jouf, Ministry of Agri. & Water, Al-Jouf.

Hegazy, A.K.; El-Demerdash, M.A. & Hosni, H.A. 1998. Vegetation, species diversity and floristic relations along an altitudinal gradient in south-west Saudi Arabia. J. Arid Env.38: 3-13.

Hegazy, A.K.; Hammouda, O.;  Lovett-Doust, J. & Gomaa, N.J. 2009.  Variations of the germinable soil seed bank along the altitudinal gradient in the northwestern Red Sea region. Acta Ecologica Sinica 29: 20–29

Hegazy, A.K.; J. Lovett-Doust, O. Hammouda_ and N. H. Gomaa 2007. Vegetation distribution along the altitudinal gradient in the northwestern Red Sea region, Community Ecology, 8(2): 151-162.

Hegazy, A.K.; Kabiel, H.F.; Al-Rowaily, S.L.; Faisal, M.; Zayed, K. and Doma, E. 2014. Temporal genetic and spatial pattern variations within and among Anastatica hierochuntica populations. Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei 25:155–166.

Hegazy, A.K.; Hammoudab, O.; Lovett-Doustc, J. and Gomaa, N.H. 2008. Population dynamics of Moringa peregrina along altitudinal gradient in the northwestern sector of the Red Sea. J Arid Environ. 72, 1537–1551.

Hegazy, A.K.; Alatar , A.A.; Ajmal Khan, M. & Lovett-Doust, J. 2014. Interaction Between “Safe Sites” and “Safe Sides” for Germination of Neurada procumbens (Neuradaceae) in the Middle East. Folia Geobot.  49:175-192.

Hegazy, A. and Lovett-Doust, J.  2016. Plant ecology in the Middle East. Oxford University Press. U.K.

Hegazy, A.H; Alatar, A.A. ; Ajmal Khan, M. & Lovett-Doust, J.        Interaction between “Safe Sites” and “Safe Sides” for Germination of Neurada procumbens (Neuradaceae) in the Middle East. Folia Geobot.  DOI 10.1007/s12224-013-9187-8

Heneidy, S.Z. 2000. Palatability, chemical composition and nutritive value of some common range plants from Bisha, Asir region, southwestern Saudi Arabia, J. desert Inst. Bull. Egypt. 50 (2): 345-360

Heneidy, S.Z. & Bidak, L.M. 2001. Biodiversity of the plant species in Bisha, Asir Region, southwestern Saudi Arabia, Pak. J. Bio. Sci., 4(11): 1323-1330.

Hepper, F.N. and Friis, I. 1994. The plants of Pehr Forsskal’s flora Aegyptiaco Arabica. R. Bot. Gard. Kew.

Hepper, F.N. and Wood, J. R. I. 1979. Were there forests in the Yemen? Proc. Seminar Arabian Stud. 9: 65-71.

Hepper, F.N. 1977. Outline of the vegetation of the Yemen Arab Republic, Publ. Cairo Univ. Herb. 7 & 8: 307-322.

Hill, M.O. 1979. TWINSPAN – A FORTRAN program for Arranging Multivariate Data in an Ordered Two Way Table by Classification of Individual and Attributes. Section of Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

Holm, D.A. 1953. Dome-shaped dunes of Central Nejd, Saudi Arabia. International Geolog. Congress, 19th, Algeiro.  1952. Comptes Rendus 7: 107-112.

Holm, D.A. 1960. Desert geomorphology in the Arabian Peninsula. Science 135: 1329-1379.

Hotzl, H.; Felber, H.; Maurin, V. & Zotl, J.G. 1978. Regions of Investigation: Cuesta region of the Tuwayq mountains. pp. 194-226. in Quaternary Period in Saudi Arabia Vol. 2. Sedimentological, Hydrological, Geomorphological, Geochronological and climatological investigations in Central and Eastern Saudi Arabia. Al-Sayari, S.S. & Zotl, J.G. (eds). Springer Verlag, Wien.

Hotzl, H. & Zotl, J.G. 1984. Middle and Early Pleistocene pp. 332-335.  in Quaternary Period in Saudi Arabia Vol. 2. Sedimentological, Hydrological, Geomorphological, Geochronological and climatological investigations in Western Saudi Arabia. A.R. Jado & J.G. Zotl eds. Springer Verlag, Wien.

Howladar, S.; Al-Sodany, Y.; Abdel Khalik, K . 2015. Species richness of the catchment area of Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia. Bothalia Journal.  45(5): 64-91.

Huber, C. 1891. Journal D’un voyage in Arabie. In. P. Ward (1983) Hail, Oasis city of Saudi Arabia Oleander Press, Cambridge, NY.

Hussien,M. 2007. Al Wadie. Plant communities in Wadi Ayaa, southwestern Saudi Arabia. Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Bot.). 3(0): 1-8

Ibrahim, A. M. and Aref, I.  M. 2000. Host status of thirteen Acacia species to Meloidogyne javanica. The J. of Nematology (In press), Annals of Applied Nematology, USA, 32(4S): 609-613. 

Ibrahim, M.M.; Alsahli, A.A. and El-Gaaly, G. 2013. Evaluation of phytoremediation potential of six wild plants for metal in a site polluted by industrial wastes: A field study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan Journal of Botany 45(2): 571-576

Jackson, M.L., 1962. Soil Chemical Analysis, p. 498. Constable and Co., London

Jones, D.A. 1986. A Field Guide to the Sea Shores of Kuwait and the Arabian Gulf. Kuwait: University of Kuwait

Jungius, H. 1983. The role of indigenous flora and fauna in rangeland management systems of the arid zones in western Asia. J. Arid Env. 6(7): Proceedings of the 25th Anniversary Conference, April 6–8, 1995. … Sarhad J. Agri. 7(1): 119–129. 21.

Jungius, H. 1988. The national parks and protected areas concept and its applications to the Arabian Peninsula. Fauna of Saudi Arabia. Vol. 9: 3-11.

Kassas, M., 1966. Plant life in deserts. In: Hills, E.S. (ed.), Arid Lands, pp. 145–80. UNESCO, London, Mathuen/Paris

Kassas, M. 1957. On the ecology of the Red sea coastal land. J. of Ecol., 45: 187-203.

Kassas, M. and Zahran, M.A. 1971. Plant life on the coastal mountains of the Red Sea, Egypt. Journal of the India Botanical Society 50a: 571-589.

Kassas, M. and Zahran, M.A. 1967. On the ecology of the Red Sea littoral salt marsh, Egypt. Ecol. Monogr., 37: 297-316.

Kenworthy, W.J.; Durako, M.J.; Fatemy, S.M.R.; Valavi, H. & Thayer, G.W. 1993. Ecology of seagrasses in northeastern Saudi Arabia one year after the Gulf War oil spill  Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 27, 1993, Pages 213-222.

Khalil, A. S. M. 2004. Status of mangroves in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. The Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA), Draft 09-05-2004, PERSGA Technical Series No. 11.

Khalik, K.A.; El-Sheikh, M. and El-Aidarousi, A. 2013. Floristic diversity and vegetation analysis of Wadi Al-Noman, Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Turkish Journal of Botany, 37: 894-907.

Kikuchi, T. 1995. Current ecological status of the Raydah special nature reserve, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A report to the National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development.

Kingery, C.E. 1971. Possibilities for development and management of public rangelands, Report to the government of Saudi Arabia, FAO, Rome.

Kingery, C.E. 1972. Proposals for expanding and improving range, pasture and fodder development and management programme. FAO, Rome.  

Khan, A. M. and Kumar, A. 2009. Impact of ‘urban development’ on mangrove forests along the west coast of the Arabian Gulf. e-journal Earth Science India, v. 2(III), pp. 159-173.

Khan, M.A.; Kumar, A.and Muqtadir, A. 2010. Distribution of Mangroves along the Red Sea Coast of the Arabian Peninsula: Part 2. The Southern Coast of Western Saudi Arabia Open access e-Journal Earth Science India, Vol. 3 (3): 154-162.

Kumar, A., Khan, M. A. and Muqtadir, A. 2010. Distribution of mangroves along the Red Sea coast of the Arabian Peninsula: Part-l: the northern coast of western Saudi Arabia. e-Journal Earth Science India, 3 (1): 28-42. 

Kurschner, H. 1984: Epiphytic communities of the Air mountains (S. w. Saudi Arabia). Studies in Arabian bryophytes 2. Nova Hedwigia 39: 177-199.

Kurschner, H. 1986. The subalpine thorn-cushion formations of western South-West Asia: ecology, structure and zonation. Hedge, I.C. (ed.) Plant life of South-West Asia, Proc. Symb., The Royal Soc. Edinburgh. 89B: 169-179

Kürschner H., Kilian N., Hein P. & Mukram A. 2006: The Adenio obesi-Sterculietum africanae, a relic Arabian mainland community vicarious to the Socotran Adenium-Sterculia woodland. – Pp. 79-96 in: Kilian, N. & Hubaishan, M. A. (ed.), Biodiversity of Socotra: forests, woodlands and bryophytes. – Englera 28

Kürschner H., Kilian N. & Hein P. 2008: The Tarchonantho camphoratae-Oleetum cuspidatae ass. nov. – an Afromontane evergreen sclerophyllous community of the Arabian Peninsula with strong relationships to E Africa. – Phytocoenologia 38: 85-106

Kürschner, H. & Neef, R. 2011. A first synthesis of the flora and vegetation of the Tayma oasis and surroundings (Saudi Arabia) Plant Diversity and Evolution Volume 129 No. 1 (2011), p. 27 – 58

Kürschner, H., Al-Gifri, A. N., Al-Subai, M. Y. and Rowaished, A. K. 1998. Vegetational patterns within coastal salines in southern Yemen. Feddes Repertorium, 109 (1/2): 147-159.

Landers, J. 1981: Asir Park: a new jewel in the Saudi Arabian Crown. International Wildlife 11 (3): 5-13.

Leipzig, 1996. Saudi Arabia: Country report to the FAO International technical conference on plant genetic resources. National Agriculture and Water Research Centre.

Llewellyn, O.A.; M. Hall, A. G. Miller, T. M. Al Abbasi, Al H. A. Wetaid, R. J. Al Harbi, K. F. Al Shammari, Al A. Farhan 2010.  Important plant areas in the Arabian Peninsula: 1. Jabal Qaraqir. Edinburgh Journal of Botany, Vol. 67 (1): 37-56.

Lovett-Doust, J.; Hegazy, A.K.; Hammouda, O.; Gomaa, N.H. 2009. Abundance-occupancy relationships and implications for conservation of desert plants in the northwestern Red Sea region, Community Ecology, 10(1): 91-98.

Macfadyen W. A. (1930). The Geology of the Farasan Islands, Gizan and Kamaran Island, Red Sea. Geological Magazine 67: 310-315.

Madi, M.I. 1993. An Ecological Study on Some Raudhas around Riyadh area, Saudi Arabia. Ph.D. Thesis. Fac. Sci., Tanta Univ., Tanta. pp 127. 

Mahmoud, A 1984. Germination of Cassia senna from Saudi Arabia. J. Arid Env. 9: 39-49.

Mahmoud, A. 1984. Germination of caryopsis of the halophyte Aeluropus massuensis from Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res. 2: 21-36.

Mahmoud, A 1985: Germination of Hammada elegans from Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res. 3: 55-65.

Mahmoud, A. 1977. Germination of three Acacias in relation to their survival in arid environment. Proc. Saudi Biol. Soc. : 74-94

Mahmoud, A. & El-Sheikh, A.M. 1978. Germination of Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz, Egypt. J. Bot. 21(1): 69-74

Mahmoud, A. & El-Sheikh, A.M. 1981. Germination of Parkinsonia aculeata L. J. Coll. Sci, Univ. Riyad, 12(1): 53-64.

Mahmoud, A., El-Sheikh, A.M., and Isawi, F. 1982. Ecology of Littoral salt marsh vegetation at Rabigh on the Red Sea Coast of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Arid Environment. 5: 35-42.

Mahmoud, A.; El-Sheikh, A.M and Abdul Baset, S. 1984. Germination ecology of Rhazya stricta Decne. J. coll. of Sci., King Saud University, 15(1): 5-25.

Mahmoud, A.; El-Sheikh, A.M and Abdul Baset, S. 1983. Germination of Artemisia abyssinica Sch. Bip., J. coll. Sci., King Saud University, 14(2): 253-272.

Mahmoud, A.; El-Sheikh, A.M and Abdul Baset, S. 1983. Germination of Francoeuria crispa (Compositate) from Saudi Arabia

Mahmoud, A.; El-Sheikh, A.M and Abdul Baset, S. 1983. Germination of two halophytes : Halopeplis perfoliata and Limonium axillare from Saudi Arabia, J. Arid Env. 6: 87-98.

Mahmoud, A.; El-Sheikh, A.M and Abdul Baset, S. 1984. Germination of four Acacias in relation to their survival in arid environment. J. Col. Sci, King Saud Univ.  15(2): 401-420.

Mahmoud, A. and El-Tom, M. 1985. Ecological relationships of some vegetation units in the Jeddah-Makkah region. Saudi Arabia. Arab. Gulf J. Sci. Res. 3(2): 607-622.

Mahmoud, A.; El-Sheikh, A.M.; Youssef, M.M. & Al-Tom, M. 1985. Ecology of the littoral salt marsh vegetation at al-Magawah, on the Gulf of Aqaba, Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res. 3: 145-163.

Mandaville, J. P. 1965. Notes on the vegetation of Wadi As-Sahba, eastern Arabia. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 62: 330-332.

Mandaville, J. P. 1965: Natural vegetation of the Gatif experimental farm site. Arabian affairs division, local government relations, ARAMCO. Dhahran.

Mandaville, J. P. 1986. Plant life in the Rub’ al-Khali (the Empty Quarter), south central Arabia. In: I. C. Hedge (ed.). Plant Life of south west Asia. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. Sect. B. 89: 147-157.

Mandaville, J. P. (1986). Plant life in the Rub’ al-Khali (the Empty Quarter), southcentral Arabia. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 89B: 147–157.

Mandura, A.S. and Khafaji, A.K. 1993. Human impact on mangrove of Khor Farasan Island. Southern Red Sea Coast of Saudi Arabia. In: Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants Vol. 1. (Leith, H. & Al Masoom, H. eds): 353-261. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht

Masrahi, Y.S.; Al-Yemeni, M.N.; Al-Turki, T.A. and Sayed, O.H. 2012. Structural and functional adaptations of the stem succulent Caralluma acutangula to its natural habitat. Kuwait J. Sci. 39(2A): 155-169.

Masrahi, Y.S.; Al-Huqail, A.A.; Al-Turki, T.A. and Sayed, O.H. 2011. Altitudinal Differential Distribution and Diversity of Plants with Different Photosynthetic Pathways in Arid Southern Saudi Arabia. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(6): 36-43.

Masrahi, Y.S.; Al-Turki, T.A.;  Sayed, O.H. 2012. Crassulacean acid metabolism permutation and survival of Caralluma Species (Apocynaceae) in arid habitats. Ecologia Balkanica. 4(1): 63-71.

Masrahi, Y.S.; AL-TURKI, T.A.  and SAYED, O.H. 2015. Photosynthetic adaptation and survival strategy of Duvalia velutina in an extremely arid environment. Photosynthetica 53:

Masrahi, Y.S.; Al-Yemeni, M.N.;  Sayed, O.H. 2013. Nurse association of the stem succulent Caralluma acutangula in its natural habitat. Ekológia (Bratislava) Vol. 31, No. 1, p. 46–53, 2012

MEPA (Anon.) 1986. Terrestrial protected areas for Saudi Arabia. Proposal presented to first symb. on wildlife conservation and development, Feb., 1987, NCWCD, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Migahid, A.M. & El-Sheikh, A.M. 1977. Types of desert habitat and their vegetation in Central and Eastern Saudi Arabia. Prod. Saudi Bio. Soc., 2: 5-33. 

Migahid, M. A. 1983: A contribution to the study of vegetation in western and northeastern Saudi Arabia. Proc. Saudi Biol. Soc. 6: 115150.

Milad, M. 2006. Flora Study Series in Saudi Arabia: A Study of the Soil of Makkah-Madinah Road until Rabigh. Umm Al-Qura Univ. J. Sci. Med. Eng. 18(1):13-29.

Ministry of Agriculture and Water 1963: A report on desertification in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Unpublished (in Arabic).

Ministry of Agriculture and Water 1984. Water Atlas of Saudi Arabia. Min. of Agri. & Water, Riyadh, K.S.A.

Ministry of Agriculture and Water, 1994, Efforts of the MAW to Develop a Natural Vegetative Cover (Arabic) Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Ministry of Agriculture and Water, 1997, Natural Forests in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Arabic), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Ministry of Agriculture and Water. 1997. Proceedings of the First International Conference of Economics and Conservation of Renewable Natural Resources in Arid Zones, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Ministry of Agriculture and Water. 1985. General soil map of he Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Min. of Agri. and Water, Land Magmt. Dept., Riyadh.

Ministry of Planning, Seventh Development Plan, 2000-2004, Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Mridha, M.A.u. 2015. Prospects of Moringa Cultivation in Saudi Arabia. J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci., 5(3): 39-46,

MOAAW 1996. National Parks (Report). Department of National Parks, Ministry of Agriculture and Water, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.  (In Arabic): 8.

Mohamed Elha, M.; Hegazy, A.K.; Alatar, A.A.; Faisal, M.; El-Bana, M.; Bahrawi, J.A.; Al-Ghamdi, A.A.M. 2015. Population demography and global sensitivity analysis of Avicennia marina on the eastern and western coasts of Saudi Arabia. Koedoe-  African Protected area conservation and science.

Morley, N.J.F. 1975. The coastal waters of the Red Sea. Bull. Res. Centre, Saudi Arabia. 5: 1-19.

Mosallam, H.A.; Bazaid, S.A.M. and Salman, S.A.H. 2010. Plant life and habitat diversity in Saudi Arabia. Taif Universtiy, Taif.

Mosallam, H.A. 2007. Comparative Study on the Vegetation of Protected and Non-protected Areas, Sudera, Taif, Saudi Arabia. International J. of Agri. & Biology 9(2): 202-214.

Moussa, S.A.I.; Bazaid S.A, S.Muneera, 2012.Vegetation strategies of invasive Argemone ochroleuca in different habitats in Taif Governorate, Saudi Arabia. Wudpecker Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 1(6): 191 – 202 

Musil, A. 1926. The Northern Hegaz, American Geographical Society, New York.

Musil, A. 1927. Arabia Deserta. A topographical Itinerary (Ameri. Geog. Soc.: Oriental Explorations and studies Vol. 2, New York.

Musil, A. 1928. Northern Negd. American Geographical Society, New York.

Musselman, L. J. 1986. Parasitic weeds and their impact in Southwest Asia. Hedge, I.C. (ed) Plant life of Southwest Asia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 89B: 283-288.

Nadeem, M.; Al-Qurainy,  F.; Khan, S.; Tarroum, M. and Ashraf, M. 2012.  Effect of some chemical treatments on seed germination and dormancy breaking in an important medicinal plant Ochradenus arabicus Chaudhary, Hillcot & A.G. Miller. Pakistan J. Botany, 44(3): 1037-1040, 2012.

Nadeem, M; Al-Qurainy, F; Khan, S; Tarroum, M; Ashraf, M. 2012. Direct shoot multiplication in Ochradenus arabicus, an endemic medicinal plant of Saudi Arabia. Pakistan J. of Botany  44(1): 345-347

Natural History of Saudi Arabia, an introduction 1992. Ministry of Agriculture and Water, Riyadh.

Nebert, K. 1970. Geology of the Jabal Samran and Jabal Farasan region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Bull. pp. 4.

Organgi, R.A., 1982. Ecological studies in Makkah region. 1. Vegetation development at Wadi Fatima. J. Coll. Sci. King Saud Univ., 1: 25–51

Osman, H. E. and Abohassan A. A. (1997). Jojoba (Simmondsia chinesis)(Link Scheinder): A potential shrub in the Arabian desert: I.     Overall performance of seven jojoba ecotypes. JKAU, Met. Env. Arid     Land Agric. Sci. 8: 85-96. 

Osman, H. E. and Abohassan, A. A. (1997). Jojoba (Simmondsia chinesis)(Link Scheinder): A potential shrub in the Arabian desert: II.  Effect of drought stress on vegetative growth and nutritive  value.JKAU, Met. Env. Arid Land Agric. Sci. 8:97-107.

Osman, H. E. and Abohassan, A. A. (1998a). Jojoba (Simmondsia chinesis)(Link Scheinder): A potential shrub in the Arabian     desert: III.Effect of saline irrigation on vegetative growth, nutritive     values and soil  properties. JKAU, Met. Env. Arid Land Agric. Sci. 9:     71-83.

Osman, H. E. and Abohassan, A. A. (1998b). Jojoba (Simmondsia chinesis)(Link Scheinder): A potential shrub in the Arabian     desert: IV. Effect of NPK fertilization on vegetative growth and N-    content of leaves. JKAU, Met. Env. Arid Land Agric. Sci. 9: 109-122.

Osman, H. E. and Abohassan, A. A. (2000). Phenotypic diversity and     characterization of jojoba populations established in western Saudi     Arabia.Arabian Gulf Journal of Scientific Research. 18(1): 15-22.

Osman, H. E. and Abohassan, A. A. (2002a). Effects of NPK fertilization on flower production, seed yield and seed composition in jojoba (Simmondsia chinesis)(Link Scheinder) grown in Saudi Arabia. JKAU.     Met. Env. Arid Land Agric. Sci. 13: 109-120.

Osman, H.E. and Abohassan, A.A. 2012. Morphological and Analytical characterization of Moringa peregrina Populations in Western Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Theoretical & Applied Sciences, 4(2): 174-184

Osman, H. E. and Abohassan, A. A. (2002b). Effects of drought stress      on flower production, seed yield and seed composition in jojoba     (Simmondsia chinesis)(Link Scheinder) grown in Saudi Arabia. JKAU.     Met. Env. Arid Land Agric. Sci. 13: 121-132

Osmana, A.K.; Al-Ghamdia, F.; Bawadekji, A. 2014. Floristic diversity and vegetation analysis of Wadi Arar: A typical desert Wadi of the Northern Borderregion of Saudi Arabia, Saudi Journal of Bio. Sci., 554-565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.02.001

Pelly, L. 1865. Report on a Journey to Riyadh in Central Arabia (with a new introduction by R.L. Bidwell, Middle East Centre, Uni. of Cambridge, Oleander/Falcon.

PERSGA/GEF. (Khalil, A.S.M. )  2004. Status of Mangroves in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. PERSGA Technical Series No. 11.

Peucker, A. 1910. Musil’s exploration in northern Arabia. geogr. Journ. 35: 579-581.

Philby, H.St. J.B. 1922. The Heart of Arabia. London

Philby, H. St. J.B. 1933. Flora of The Rub’al Khali. In the “The Empty Quarter” pp.404-405. New York.

Philby, H. St. J.B. 1938. The land of Sheba. Geographical Journal, 92: 1-21.

Philby, H. St. J.B. 1952. Arabian Highlands. Washington.

Phillips, J.A. 1882. The red sands of the Arabian desert Geol. Soc. of  London, Quarterly J. 38: 110-113.

Popov, G. B.: Vegetation of Arabia south of the Tropic of Cancer, excluding Yemen. FAO. Rome. 

Popov, G. B. 1957: The vegetation of Socotra. – J. Linn. Soc. London 55: 706-720.

Popov, G.B. and Ziller, W. 1963. Ecological survey report on the 1962 survey in the Arabian Peninsula, U.N. special fund, Desert Loxust Project Programme report 139. 

Powers, R., Ramirez, L., Redmond, C., and Elberg, E., Jr. 1966. Geology of the Arabian Peninsula: Sedimentary geology of Saudi Arabia , Geological Survey professional Paper 560-D, Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.

Price, A.R.G; Jobbinsi, G.; Shepherd, A.R. & Ormond, R.F.G. 1998. An integrated environmental assessment of the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. Environmental Conservation 25 (1): 65–76.

Quets, J.J.; Temmerman, S. ; El-Bana, M.I ; Al-Rowaily, S.L ;Assaeed, A.M ; Nijs, I. 2014.^. Use of Spatial Analysis to Test Hypotheses on Plant Recruitment in a Hyper-Arid Ecosystem. Plos One 9 (3):

Radcliff-Smith, A. 1980: The vegetation of Dhofar. – J. Oman Stud. Spec. Rep. 2: 59-86.

Richmond, M.D. 1996. ‘Status of subtidal biotopes of the Jubail Marine Wildlife Sanctuary with special reference to soft-substrata communities.’ In: Krupp, F., Abuzinada, A.H and Nader, I.A. (eds) A Marine Wildlife  Sanctuary for the Arabian Gulf. Environmental Research and Conservation Following the 1991 Gulf War Oil Spill. Riyadh: NCWCD; Frankfurt, Senckenberg Research Institute.

Robinson, E. R. & Al-Harbi, R. (2004). Eastern Rub Al Khali Survey Vegetation Report. NCWCD.

Robiansyah, I. ; Hajar, A.S.;  Al-Kordy, M.A. and Ramadan, A.  2014. Current Status of Economically Important Plant Moringa peregrina (Forrsk.) Fiori in Saudi Arabia: A Review. International Journal of Theoretical & Applied Sciences 6(1): 79-86.

Saad, M., Basha, A. and Abohassan, A. A. (1979). Preliminary studies on fruit characteristics of four fig cultivars grown at Riyadh, Saudi   Arabia. J. Coll. Agric. Univ. Riyadh. 1: 97-103.

Sabri, M. M., Abohassan, A. A. and El-Osta, M. L. M. (1983). Analytical  study on some characteristics of workers involved in wood manufacturing and trading in some cities of Saudi Arabia.J. Coll.     Agric. King Saud University.

Sabri, M. M., Abohassan, A. A. and Salah El-Deen, A. H. (1982). An     economic study of some selected local lumber markets in Saudi     Arabia.J. Coll. Agric. King Saud University.

Saghir, A.R.B. & Chaudhary, S.A. 1985. Weed control handbook for Saudi Arabia. Ministry of Agri. and Water, Riyadh.

Saifullah, S. M., Khafaji, A. K. and Mandura, A. S. 1989. Litter production in mangrove stand of the Saudi Arabian Red Sea coast. Aquatic Botany, 36:79-86.

Saifullah, S. M. 1999. Mangrove ecosystem of Saudi Arabian Red Sea coast – an overview. Journal of King Abdulaziz University, Marine Science, v. 7, Special Issue on Red Sea Marine Environment, Jeddah, 263-270.

Sami Al-Obaid, Boudje´ma Samraoui, Thomas, J., Hamed A. El-Serehy, Ahmed H. Alfarhan, Wolfgang Schneider, Mark O’Connell. 2016. An overview of wetlands of Saudi Arabia: Values, threats, and perspectives. Ambio. 46: 98-108.

SAS 1989-1996 INSTITUTE INC. SAS/STAT-MR. RELEASE 6.12. Procedures guide for personal computers. Cary: SAS Institute, 1989-1996.

Saudi Biological Society 2000. Papers presented in the meetings of Saudi Biological Society- 1975-2000. On the occasion of the 25th anniversary. King Saud University, Riyadh.

Saudi Geological Survey, 2012. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Facts and Numbers. First Edition, pp: 116. Saudi Geological Survey. www.sgs.org.sa

Schultz, E and Whitney, J.W. 1986. Vegetation in north-central Saudi Arabia, J. Arid Environments, 10: 175-186.

Schyfsma, E. 1978. Climate pp. 31-44 in Quaternary Period in Saudi Arabia Vol. 2. Sedimentological, Hydrological, Geomorphological, Geochronological and climatological investigations in Central and Eastern Saudi Arabia. Al-Sayari, S.S. & Zotl, J.G. (eds). Springer Verlag, Wien.

Schyfsma, E., 1978. “ Climate of Saudi Arabia.” In: Al-Sayari, S. and Zotl, J. (eds.). Quaternary Period in Saudi Arabia, pp. 31-44, Springer-Verlag, New York.

Scott, D.A. (ed.) 1995. A Directory of Wetlands in the Middle East. Switzerland: IUCN and Slimbridge, UK: IWRB. xvii + 560 p

Shaltout, K.H. & El-Halawany, E.F. 1992. Weed communities in Date Palm of Eastern Saudi Arabia, Qatar Univ., Sci. J. 12: 105-111.

Shaltout, K.H. & Maday, M.A. 1996. Analysis of Raudhas vegetation in Central Saudi Arabia, J. Arid Env. 34: 441-454.

Shaltout, K.H. & Halawany, E.f. 1993. Vegetatation analysis of the irrigation and drainage canals in Eastern Saudi Arabia. J. Univ. Kuwait (Sci.) 20: 261-274.

Shaltout, K.H. and M.A. Mady, 1993. Current situation of the raudha’s woody plant populations in the central Saudi Arabia. Feddes Repert., 104: 503–09 

Shaltout, K.H., El-Halwany, E.F. & El-Garawany, M.M. 1997. Coastal lowland vegetation of eastern Saudi Arabia. Biodi and Cons 6:1027-1040.

Shaltout, K.H., El-Halwany, E.F. and el-Kady, H.F. 1996. Consequences of protection from grazing on diversity and abundance of the coastal lowland vegetation in Eastern Saudi Arabia. Biodvers. Conserv. 5: 27-36.

Shaltout, K.H.; Sharaf El-Din, A.; El-Kady, H.F. & Mady, M.F. 1996. Behaviour of nine common plants along soil gradients in Raudhas of Central Saudi Arabia, J. Union Arab Biol. Cairo, 3(B): 189-202.

Sharaf El-Din, A.; El-Kady, H.F.; Shaltout, K.H. & Mady, M.I. 1998. Nutritive value of the Raudha’s plants in Central Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res. 16(3): 537-553.

Sher, H. &  Al-Yemeny, M.N. 2011. Ecological investigation of the weed flora in arable and non arable lands of Al-kharj Area, Saudi Arabia, African Journal of Agricultural Research 6(4): 901-906.

Shurbagy, M. A. & Mahros, K. S. 1977. General programme for natural rangelands conservation and development in Saudi Arabia. Ministry of Agriculture and Water. Riyadh (in Arabic).

Siddiqui, A.Q. & Al-Harbi, A.H. 1995. A preliminary study of the ecology of Wadi Hanifah stream with reference to animal communities, Arab Gulf. Jour. Sci. Res. 13(3): 695-717.

Stevens, J.H. 1974. Man and environment in eastern Saudi Arabia. In R.B. Sergeant and R.L. Bidwell, eds. Arabian Studies. the Middle East Centre, University of Cambridge, p. 135-145.

Subyani, A.M. 1999. Topographic and Seasonal Influences on Precipitation Variability in Southwest Saudi Arabia.  JKAU: Earth Sci., 11: 89-102

Symens, P. 1989. Report on a helicopter survey of the escarpment of southwest of Abha. pp. 48-49. Quarterly report, National Wildlife Research center, Taif, Saudi Arabia.

Taia, W.K. and El-Ghanem, W.M. 2001. City vegetation analysis of three habitats at El-Riyadh. Bull. Pure and Applied. Science. 20B (1): 53-65.

Taton, A. 1976. Distribution of geographique en Afrique de l’espece paleotropicale Myrsine africana L. (Myrsinaceae). Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 46: 487-500.

Ter Braak, C. J. F., and Milauer, P.S. 2002. Canoco reference manual and CanoDraw for Windows user’s guide: software for canonical community ordination (version 4.5). Microcomputer Power, Ithaca, New York, USA.

Thesiger, W. 1946. A new journey in Southern Arabia. The geographical Journal. 108:129-145.

Thesiger, W. 1948. A journey through the Tihama, the ‘Asir, and the Hijaz Mountains, Geographical Journal 90(1947): 188-200.

Thesiger, W. 1959: Arabian Sands. – Longmans, New York

Thomas, B. 1932. Arabia Felix, Cape, London

Thomas, J., El-Sheikh, M. A., Alatar, A. A., Alfarhan, A. H. and Sivadasan, M. 2013. Distribution and abundance of Astragalus L., in some of the peripheral populations in the central region of Saudi Arabia. Pakistan Journal of Botany 45(2): 525-534..      

Thomas, J.; El-Sheikh, M.A.;, Alfarhan, A.H.;,Alata, A.A., Sivadasan,M.; Basahi, M., Al-Obaid, S.; Rajakrishnan, R 2016. Impact of alien invasive species on habitats and species richness in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Arid Environments 127: 53-65.

Thomas, J.; El-Sheikh, M.A. and Alatar, A.A. 2016. Endemics and endangered species in the biodiversity hotspot of the Shada Mountains, Saudi Arabia. J. Arid Land, 9(1): 109–121

Tsaknis, J., 1998. Characterization of Moringa peregrina Arabian Seed Oil, Grasas Aceites (Sevilla) 49: 170-176.

Ungar, I.A., (1962). Influence of salinity on seed germination in succulent halophytes. Ecology 43: 763-764.

Ungar, I.A., (1976). Influence of salinity and temperature on seed germination in succulent halophytes, Ohio J. of Sci, 67: 120-123.

Usui, S. 1995. The current status and 3-year plan of the Raydah special nature reserve, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Report to the NCWCD, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Van Kleunen, V.………Thomas, J. Mauricio Velayo, Jan J.Wieringa & Petr Pysˇek. 2015. Global exchange and accumulation of non-native plants. Nature 525 (7567): 100-103.

Vesey-Fitzgerald, D. F. 1957. The vegetation of the Red Sea coast, north of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Jour. Ecol., 45: 547-562

Vesey-Fitzgerald, D.F. 1955. The vegetation of the Red Sea coast, south of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Jour. Ecol., 43(2): 477-489.

Vesey-Fitzgerald, D.F. 1957. The vegetation of Central and Eastern Saudi Arabia, Jour. Eco. 45: 779-798.

Vincent, P. 2008. Saudi Arabia: an environmental overview. Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK

Waleed. J. Altaf, W.J. 2006. Response of Calotropis Procera for Urban, Suburban and Sewage Pollution. Umm Al-Qura Univ. J. Sci. Med. Eng. Vol. 18(1): 31 -40

Waly, N.M. and  Emad, H.M. 2012. Taxonomical Studies of Some Acacia spp. Growing in Saudi Arabia. Bull. Environ. Pharmacol. Life Sci. 1 (10): 55 – 62.

Wasson, R.J.  & Nanninga, P.M. 1986. Estimating wind transport of sand on vegetated surfaces. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 11: 505–514.

Watt, I., Woodhouse, T., Jones, D.A. (1993). Intertidal cleanup activities and natural regeneration on the Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia after the Gulf oil spill from 1991 to 1992. Marine Pollution Bulletin 27: 325-331.

Watts, D. and Al-Nafie, A.H.  2003. Vegetation and biogeography of the sand seas of Saudi Arabia. Kegan Paul, London.

Whitney, J.W.C. 1981. Saudi Arabia’s stable sand seas, Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programme, 17: 580.

Wilson, R.T.O. 1985. The Tihama from the beginning of the Islamic period to 1800. pp 31-36. in Studies on the Tihama. The Report of the Tihama Expedition 1982 and Related papers, F. Stone (ed.) Longman, Harlow.

Wissmann, H. von 1972. Die Juniperus-Gebirgswalder in Araben. Ihre Stellung zwischen dem borealen und tropisch-afrikanischen Florenreich. Erdwissenschaftliche Forschuug 4: 157-176.

Yahya, M.S..; Al-Yemeni, M. N.; Al-Turki, T. A.; et al. 2011. Ecophysiological mechanisms of succulent survival in natural conditions: Photosynthetic carbon fixation in Caralluma acutangula (Decne.) Nebr. (Asclepiadaceae) Polish J. of Ecology, 59 (3): 437-442  

Yassin Mohamed Al-Sodany, Nawar Sunaydih Al-Juaid, Anwar Abdel-Karim Kahil. 2016. Ecology of Invasive Species in Saudi Arabia, Calotropis procera (Ait) W.T. Ait.: Floristic Composition and Associated Plant Communities, International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology. 1 (3): 127-140. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20160103.20

Yemeni, M.N.; Alfarhan, A.H. & Al-Farraj, M.M. 2000. Ecological studies on Raudhat system in Saudi Arabia, II, Soil seed bank of Rawadhat Khorim. Oak.Jour. Bot. 32(2): 273-282.

Yoshikawa, K. & Yamamoto, F. 1995. The tentative report of our second visit to Asir and Jizan Regions of Saudi Arabia for the study. Report to NCWCD, Riyadh.

Younis, H. E. Abuzinada, A. H. & Elwan S. H. 1977: Studies on the Thermophilic Bacteria of some soils in Riyadh region. Saudi Arabia. Proc. Saudi Biol. Soc. 1: 25.

Younes, H.A.; Zahran, M.A. & El-Qurashy, E.M. 1983. Vegetation soil relationship of a sea-landward transect, Red Sea coast, Saudi Arabia. J. of Arid Env., 6: 349-356.

Yousef, M.M. & El-Sheikh, A.M. 1981. The vegetation alongside a running water canal at Al-Kharj, J. Coll. Sci., University of Riyadh, 12(1): 23-51.

Yousef, M.M. & El-Sheikh, A.M. 1981. Observations on the vegetation of gravel desert areas with special reference to succession in Central Saudi Arabia. Jour. Coll. Sci. 12(2): 331-351.

Zahran, M.A.; Younes, H.A. & Al-Tawil, B.A. 1985. Ecology of four community types: Red Sea Coastal Desert, Saudi Arabia. J. of Coastal Research 9(3): 279-288.

Zahran, M.A. 1979. The halophytes and their economic potentialities. Proc. Saudi Biol. Soc. 3: 133-137.

Zahran, M. A. 1986: Forage potentialities of Kochia indica and K. scoparia in arid lands. With particular reference to Saudi Arabia. KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 61pp.

Zahran, M. A. 1982: Vegetation types of Saudi Arabia. Publ. King Abdulaziz Univ. Jeddah. Saudi Arabia. 61p.

Zahran, M.A. 1983. Introduction of Plant ecology and vegetation types of Saudi Arabia, Jeddah: Scientific Council, King Abdulaziz university, 142p.

Zahran, M.A. 1993. Juncus and Kochia: fiber and fodder producing halophytes under salinity and aridity stresses. In: Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress. Pessarakli, M. (Ed.). Marcel Dakker, Inc., NY, pp.505–530.

Zahran, M.A. 1993. Dry coastal ecosystems of the Asian Red Sea coast. Pp. 215-231 in Wet Coastal Ecosystems. Africa, America, Asia, Oceania. E. van der Maarel, ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Zahran, M.A. and Younus, H.A. 1990. Hema System: Traditional Conservation of Plant life in Saudi Arabia. J. King Abdulaziz Univ. 2: 19-41.

Zahran, M.A.; Younes, H.A. & Hajrah, H.H. 1983. On the ecology of the mangal vegetation of the Saudi Arabian Red Sea coast. J. of the Univ. of Kuwait. (Science) 10: 87-99.

Zahran, M.A.; Younes, H.A. & Al-Tawil, B.A. 1985. Ecology of four community types: Red Sea coastal desert, Saudi Arabia. J. of coastal research, 1: 279-288.

Zayed, K.M. and Fayed, A.A. 1987. Vegetation of area between Taif and Baha, SW Saudi Arabia, Taeckholmia 10: 77-105.

Zayed, K.M and El-Karemy, Z.A.R. 1989. Vegetation between Taif and El-Shafa highland,  (Asir mountains, Saudi Arabia) Feddes Repertorium 100(11-12): 661-672.

Zayed, A.A. and Z.A.R. El Karemy, 2000. Studies on the vegetation and soil seed bank in western Saudi Arabia. Taeckholmia, 20: 63–76 

Ziegler, H.; Batanouny, K.H.; Sankhla, N.; Vyas, O.P. and Stichler, W. 1981. The photosynthetic pathway types of some desert plants from India, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Iraq. Oecologia, 48 (1) 93-99.

Zoghet, M. F. and Akabawi, K. A. 1986. Live Zone of Saudi Arabia (In Arabic). Saudi Society of Biology, Vol.9, 48 pp.

Zoghet, M.F. 1985. Planting guide for Riyadh area, King Saud University, Riyadh.

Zohary, M. 1940. On the Ghada-Tree of northern Arabia and the Syrian Desert, Palest. J. Bot., Jarusalem series. 1: 413-416.

Abedin, S. 1986. Contribution to the flora of Saudi Arabia III. A new species of Caylusea (Resedaceae). Willdenowia 15: 433-436.

Abedin, S. 2005. The validation of Hibiscus micranthus L.f. var. Alii S. Abedin and Euphoria abdulghafooriana S. Abedin, Pak. J. Bot., 37(1): 31-32.

Abedin, S.A., Al-Yahya, M.A., Chaudhary, S.A., Mossa, J.S. 1991. Contributions to the flora of Saudi Arabia. Part 2. A revision of the family Solanaceae. Pak. J. Bot. 23 (2) 257-282.

Abedin, S.A., Mossa, J.S., Al-Yahya, M.A. 1985. Contributions to the flora of Saudi Arabia. Part. 1. Some new records J. Pharm. Univ. Karachi. 4 (1): 1-7.

Abo-Hassan, A.A. 1981. Rangeland Management in Saudi Arabia. Rangelands, 3(2): 51-53.

Abulfatih, H.A. & Nasher, A.K. 1988. Rare and endangered succulent plants in southwestern Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res. Agri. Bio. Sci., B6: 399-408.

Abuzinada, A.H.; Hawksworth, D.L. & Bokhary, H.A. 1986. The lichens of Saudi Arabia with a key to the species reported. Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res. 2: 1-51

Airy Shaw, H.K. 1973. J.C. Willis’s A dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns (eighth edition). Cambridge University Press.

Ajmal Ali, M. & Al-Hemaid, F.M.A. 2011. Taxonomic significance of trichomes micromorphology in Cucurbits. Saudi J. of Bio. Sci. 18, 87–92

Akram Ali, Alfarhan, A.H.; Ernest Robinson, and Ibrahim Aldjain 2008. Pattern of survival and mortality of Avicennia marina population grown at Aljubail area in Saudi Arabia coast of the Arabian Gulf. American J. Agricultural and Biological Sciences (USA), 3(3): 610-616.

Albers, F. & Meve, U. (eds) 2002. Illustrated handbook of succulent plants: Asclepiadaceae Vol. 3. Sprenger.

Al-Abbasi, T.M., Hall, M., Miller, A.G., Rae, D., Al-Wetaid, A.H., Al-Harbi, R.J Al-Shammari, K.H, Llewellyn, O & Morris, L. 2009. The Wadi Jawrah Mimusops Garden: A New Botanic Garden in Saudi Arabia. Sibbaldia 7: 181-196.

Al-Abbasi, T.M.; Alfarhan, A.H.; Al-Khulaidi, W.; Hall, M.; Lewellyn, O.A.; Miller, A.G. and Patzelt, A. 2010. Important plant areas in the Arabian Peninsula. Edinburgh J. of Botany, 67(1): 25-35.

Amir Hossein Pahlevani. 2017. Diversity of the genus Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in SW Asia. Dissertation, Universität Bayreuth.

Alallah, M.I.H. 1996. Flora of Jabal Fayfa.  Dept. of Botany & Microbiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, M.Sc. thesis, Saudi Arabia..

Al-Azizi, M.M., Al-Said, M.S., El-Olemy, M.M., Abdel Sattar E, Khalifa, A.S. 1994. Rhombifoline and 5,6-dehydrolupanine from Anagyrus foetida L. Arch Pharm Res. 17(6):393-397.

Al-Dinawari, A. H. I. D. 1953: Kitab al-Nabat, ed. Lewin, B. Uppsala (Republished, original publication 895 AD)

Al -Dossari, Humaid bin Mubarak 2010. Wild plants in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia,  Illustrated botanical dictionary. King Abdul Aziz City for Science and technology printing  presses. Second edition.

Aleem, A.A. 1979. A contribution to the study of sea-grasses along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. Proc. Saudi Bio. Soc, 3: 213-236.

Aleisa,A.A. 1996. Changes in Bedouin life and grazing activities – Saudi Arabia. Abstract of paper presented in Arabic at the International Workshop on Sustainable Use of Rangeland and Desertification Control. Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Al-Eisawi, D. M. H. 1998. Field guide to wild flowers of Jordan and neighbouring countries. Amman. Pp. 1- 296

Al-Eisawi, D.M. and Al-Ruzayza, S. 2015. Flora of holy Mecca district, Saudi Arabia. Int. J. of Biodiversity and Conservation. .7(3):  173-189.

Al Gain, A.A. 1974. The in-situ development of the Bedouin nomads: a Baysian decision analysis. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Arizona.

Al Gain, A.A.; Clark, J. and Chiffings, A. 1987. A coastal management program of the Saudi Arabian Red Sea coast. Proc. of the fifth symbosium coastal and ocean management, Am. Soc. Civil Eng. 1963-1981.

Al-Hakamay, A. 1989. Development plans and their role in environment protection and wildlife development. In. Wildlife conservation and development in Saudi Arabia. Proc. of the first symposium, Riyadh Feb., 1987. NCWCD, Publication #3.

Al Hassan, H.O. 1992. Deterioration of range condition in Saudi Arabia and ways of improvement. Range & Animal Development Research Center, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia. (in Arabic).

Alfarhan, A. 2001. A floristic account on Raudhat Khuraim, Central Province Saudi Arabia.  Saudi Journal Biological Science 8(1): 80-103.

Alfarhan, A. H. 1994. Taxonomic revision of the genus Cuscuta L. in Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res. 12(1): 99-107.

Alfarhan, A. H. 2002. Revision of the genus Lepidium L. in Saudi Arabia. – Journal of King Saud Univ (Science) 15(2): 103-115.

Alfarhan, A.H 1994. Family Convolvulaceae in Saudi Arabia.  Bio. Sci. 3: 141-232.

Alfarhan, A.H. 1991. Two new Convolvulus taxa from the Arabian Peninsula. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 106: 259-263.

Alfarhan, A.H.1993. A new species of Convolvulus (Convolvulaceae) from Saudi Arabia  Brittonia, 45(2):169-171

Alfarhan, A.H.; Ghazanfar SA (1991). Conservation of medicinal plants on the Arabian Peninsula. Two case studies: Med. Plant Conservation, 3: 15-16 IUCN.

Alfarhan, A.H. 1993. Taxonomic studies on the genus Nuxia Comm. Ex Lam. in Saudi Arabia. J. King Saud Univ. (Sci.) 5 (2): 119-121. 

Alfarhan, A.H. 2000. An account of the genus Croton L. in Saudi Arabia with a new record of C. bonplandianus Baill. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 7 (1): 39-45.

Alfarhan, A.H. 2000. An evaluation of the current status of the flora of Saudi Arabia. Country report presented at the 2nd Arabian Plants Subject Group Meeting, Abudhabi, May 2000.

Alfarhan, A.H. 2002. Dispersal mechanisms of flowering plants in the Central Region of Saudi Arabia, Jour. King Abdulaziz Univ.,  Mete., Env. & Arid Land Agri. Sci. 13:.17-39

Alfarhan, A.H. and  Thomas, J. 1994. The identification of vascular plant-families in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Bio. Soc. 225p.

Alfarhan, A.H., Thomas, J. & Alallah, M.I.H. 1997. Noteworthy records to the flora of Saudi Arabia. Kuwait Journal Science & Engineering  24 (1): 123-130.

Alfarhan, A.H.; Aldjain, I.M.N. ; Thomas, J.; Miller, A.G.; Othman L. & Akram. A. 2009.  Botanic Garden in the Arabian Peninsula, Sibbaldia, The Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, No. 6: 189-203

Alfarhan, A.H.; Chaudhary, S. and Thomas, J. 1998. Notes on the Flora of Saudi Arabia, J. Coll. Sci., King Saud University. 10(1): 31-40.

Alfarhan, A.H.; Farraj, M.M. and Hajar, A.S. 1992. Wild Edible plants in Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res. 10(1): 91-108.

Alfarhan, A.H. & Al-Abbasi, T. 2005.Important Plant Areas of Arab Countries, A draft proposal for identifying and conserving botanically rich areas in the region. Arabian Plant Specialist Group (APSG), NCWCD, Riyadh.

Alfarhan, A.H.; Turki, T.A.; Thomas, J. and Basahy, R.A. 2002. Annotated list to the flora of Farasan Archipelago, Southern Red Sea. Taeckholmia, 22(2): 1-33.

Al-Farraj, M. M. 1989. Disturbances and dangers operating on desert vegetation in Saudi Arabia. Wildlife Conservation and Development in Saudi Arabia. NCWCD Publication no. 3164-169.

Al-Farraj, M.M.: Alfarhan, A.H. & Al-Yemeni, M. 1997. Ecological studies on rawdhat system in Saudi Arabia 1-Rawdhat Khorim. Pak. Jour. Bot. 29(1): 75-88.

Al-Ghamdi, F.A. 2011.  Seed Morphology of Some Species of Indigofera (Fabaceae) from Saudi Arabia (Identification of Species and Systematic Significance). American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2: 484-495

Alhammadi, A.S.A. 2010. Preliminary survey of exotic invasive plants in some western high plateau mountains in Yemen. Ass. Univ. Bull. Environ. Res. 13(1): 1-11.

Al-Hassan, H.O. 2006. Wild plants of  the Northern Region, Camel and range research center in collaboration with FAO, Al-Jouf

Al-Hemaid, F. and Thomas, J. 1996. Review of the genus Tribulus L. in Saudi Arabia, Arab Gulf Jour. Sci. Res. 14(2): 415-443.

Al-Hemaid, F. M. A. 2001. A new species oh Huernia R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) from Saudi Arabia. Saudi. J. Biol. Sci. (8) 2: 166-169.

Al-Hemaid, F.M. 2001. Notes on Verbascum from Saudi Arabia with description of eight new species. Pak. J. Bot. 33(4): 315-328.

Al-Hemaid, F.M. 2001. Ruellia jeddaica (Acanthaceae) – a new species from Saudi Arabia. Bangladesh. J. Plant. Taxon. 8 (2): 83-86.

Al-Hemaid, F.M. 2002. Revision of the Aloe L. in Saudi Arabia. Arab. Gulf. J. Sci. Res. 20 (3).

Al-Hemaid, F.M. 2002. Taxonomic revision of the genus Verbascum L. (Scrophlariaceae) from Saudi Arabia. Bangladesh. J. Plant. Taxon. 9 (1): 1-13.

Al-Khulaidi, A.W., A.M. Alzahrani, A.A. Al-Namazi, E.A. Al-Faify, M.M. Alfaifi, N.A. Al‑Sagheer & A.N. Al-Gifri (2024). New plant records for the flora of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Threatened Taxa 16(3): 24899–24909. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8609.16.3.24899-24909

Al-Mutairi, K., S. A. Al-Shami, Z. Khorshid1 and M. M. Moawed. 2016. FLORISTIC DIVERSITY OF TABUK PROVINCE, NORTH SAUDI ARABIA. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 26(4): 1019-1025

Al-Robai, S.A.; Howladar, S.M.; Mohamed, H.A.; Abdelazim Ali Ahmed, A.A. 2018. Cylindropuntia rosea (DC.) Backeb, (Cactaceae): A new generic alien record in the flora of Saudi Arabia. Jour. Of Asia Pacific Biodiversity 11: 320-323

Alshammari, A.M. and S.M. Sharawy, 2010. Wild plants diversity of the Hema Faid region (Hail Province, Saudi Arabia). Asian J. Plant Sci., 9: 447-454.

Al-Turk, T.A., Omar, S & Ghafoor, A. 2001. Two new species of Heliotropium L. (Boraginaceae) from Saudi Arabia.- Botanical  Journal of  Linnean Society. 137: 215-220.

Al-Turki, T. A.2003. A new species of Indigofera (Fabaceae) from southwestern Saudi Arabia. Willdenowia 33: 337-340

Al-Turki , T. A. 2004. A prelude to the study of the flora of Jabal Fayfa in Saudi Arabia. Kuwait J. Sci. Eng. 31: 77–145.

Al-Turki, T. A. and  Ghafoor, A. 1996. The genus Chenopodium L. in  Saudi  Arabia. Feddes Repert. 107 (3-4): 189-208.

Al-Turki, T.A.. & ; AI-Olayan, H.A. 2003. Contribution To The Flora Of Saudi Arabia: Hail Region, Saudi J. Bio. Sci. 10(2): 190-222.

Al-Turki, T. A., Omer, S., Ghafoor, A. 2000. A synopsis of the genus Atriplex L. (Chenopodiaceae) in Saudi Arabia. Feddes Repert. 111 (5-6): 255-287.

Al-Turki, T.A. 1997. A preliminary checklist of the flora of Qassim, Saudi Arabia, Feddes Repert. 108 (3-4): 259-280.

Al-Turki, T.A. 2002. An initiative in exploration and management of plant genetic diversity in Saudi Arabia. pp. 339-349. In. J.M. Engels, V.R. Rao, A.H. Brown and M. T. Jackson (eds.) Managing plant genetic diversity. CAB International. Wallingford, UK.

Al-Turki, T.A., Omar, S & Ghafoor, A. 2001. Two new species of Heliotropium L. Boraginaceae) from Saudi Arabia. Botanical  Journal of  Linnean Society 137: 215-220.

Al-Turki, T.A., Swarupanandan, K. and Wilson, P.G. 2003. Primary vasculature in Chenopodiaceae: A re-interpretation and implications for systematics and evolution. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 143 (4,): 337–374

Al-Turki, T.A.; Al-Olayan, H.A. and Swarupananadan, K. 2002. Dianthus cyri Fish. & Mey. (Caryophyllaceae): A New Record. Arab Gulf Jour. Sci. Res., 20(4):228-231.

Al-Yemeni, M.N. 1999. A Check List of Weeds in Al-Kharj Area of Saudi Arabia, Pak. J. of Biol. Sci.  2(1): 7-13

Al-Zahrani, D.A. and El-Karemy, Z.A.R. 2007. A new succulent Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) species from the Red Sea coast and Islands. Edinburgh J. of Botany 64 (2): 131–136

Amin, A. 1978. A taxonomic revision of the genus Launaea (Compositae) 1. General Considerations. Taeckholmia 9: 111-117.

Appel, O and Al-Shebhaz, I.A. 2001. Dolichorhynchus is United with Douepea (Brassicaceae). Novon 11: 296-297

Aref M. I., Elkhalifa, K.F. and El-Juhany L. I., 2003. A dendrological Key Identification of Acacia species Growing in Saudi and Northern Sudan. Journal of King Abdulaziz University Meteorology Environment and Arid Land Agriculture Sciences, Vol. 14: 87-94.

Asmode, J.F. 1989. Status and trends of the Juniper woodland in the Taif area. pp. 34-47, quarterly report. National wildlife research center, Taif, Saudi Arabia.

Atiqur Rahman, M, Al-Said, MS and Mossa, JS 2002. A checklist of Angiosperm flora of Farasan Islands, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Pak. Jour. Bio. Sci. 5(11): 1162-1166.

Atiqur Rahman, M.., Jaber, S. Mossa and Fahad M.A. Al-Hemaid, 2002. Notes on succulent plant species of Saudi Arabia. Bangladesh. J. Plant. Taxon. 9 (1): 25-45.

Austin, D.F. & Staples, G.W. 1980. Xenostegia, A new genus of Convolvulaceae. Brittonia 32(4): 533-536.

Basahy, A.Y. 1996. Bryophytes and Pteridophytes of the Fayfa Mountains (Gizan area), Saudi Arabia. Biological Society  4: 17-29.

Basahy, A.Y.  & Monawar, M.N. 1994. A checklist of weeds in the Gizan area of  Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf J. of Sci. Res. 12(3): 489-508.

Baum, B.R. 1978. The Genus Tamarix. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem.

Baum, B.R. 1989. Studies in the flora of Arabia 25: Tamarix in the Arabian Peninsula Notes RBG, Edinburgh 46(1): 1-6.

BaZaid, S. A. and Mossallam, H. A. 2000. An illustrated guide to the wild plants of Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Tourist activation center, Taif Governorate.

Bazara, M.; Guarino, L.; Miller, A.G. & Obadi, N. 1990. Observations on an endangered fan palm in Arabia. Edinburgh J. of Botany 47: 375-379.

Bentham, G. and Hooker, J.D. 1880. Genera Plantarum Vol. 3 London: Lovell Reeve, Williams & Norgate, pp. 43-78.

Blatter, E. 1914-1916. Flora of Aden. Rec. Botanical Survey of India, 7: 1-418.

Blatter, E. 1919-1936. Flora Arabica.  Records of the Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, India.

Blatter, E. (1978, copy, reprint): Flora of Aden. Doc. Agr. 581.95335, B 644, from: Flora Arabica. Calcutta: Records of the Botanical Survey of India. Vol VIII

Boissier, E. 1867-1888: Flora Orientalis, vols 1-5 and supp. Geneva.

Bokhary, H.A. ; Parvez, S. & Abu-Zinada, A.H. 1993. Lichen flora from high altitude areas of Saudi Arabia. Nova Hedwigia 56: 491-496.

Bor, N.L. 1967. A new Stipagrostis from Saudi Arabia, Osterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift, Vienna. 114: 100.

Bornmuller, J. 1928. Eine neue Convolvulus-Art aus der Flora von Mekka. – Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 242-243.

Botschantzev, A. 1969. A new species of Cornulaca Del. From Saudi Arabia. Kew Bull., 23: 439-440.

Botschantzev, V.P. 1984. Two new species of the genus Salsola from Saudi Arabia. Botanic Zurnal 69: 686-688.

Boulos, L. 1985: A contribution to the flora of Asir mountains, Saudi Arabia, Arab Gulf J. Sc. Res. 3: 67-94.

Boulos, L. 1994. Notes on Acacia Mill. Studies in the Leguminosae of Arabia:1 Kew Bull. 50(2): 327-337

Boulos, L. 1996 Chenopodiaceae In: Miller & Cope (eds.). Flora of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra. Edinburgh Univ. press.

Boulos, L. 1988: A contribution to the flora of South Yemen (PDRY). – Candollea 43: 549-585.

Boulos, L. 1991. Notes on Suaeda Forssk. ex Scop. Studies in the Chenopodiaceae of Arabia: 2. Kew Bull. 46 (2): 291-296.

Boulos L. 1992 Notes on Agathophora (Fenzl) Bunge and Cornulaca Del. Studies in the Chenopodiaceae of Arabia: 5. Kew Bull. 47. (2): 283-287

Boulos, L., 1990, A synopsis of Chenopodium L. Studies in the Chenopodiaceae of Arabia 4. Kew Bull. 46(2), 301-305.

Boulos, L., 1990. The Identity, typification and distribution of Salsola imbricata Forssk., Studies in the Flora of Saudi Arabia 1. Kew Bull. 46(1): 137-140.

Boulos, L. and Freitag, H. 1991. Notes on the Chenopodiaceae in Collenette’s Illustrated Guide to the flowers of Saudi Arabia. Candollea 46: 81-84.

Boulos L. & Wood, J.R.I. 1983. A new Senecio (Compositae) from Southwest Arabia. Kew Bull. 38: 491-492.

Boulos, L.; Friis, I. and Gilbert, M.G. 1991. Notes on the Chenopodiaceae of Ethiopia, Somalia and southern Arabia. Nord. J. Bot. 11: 309-316.

Brenan, J.P.M. & Brummitt, R.K. 1965. The variation of Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. – Bol. soc. Brot. Ser. 2, 39: 61-115.

Bruyns, P.V.  1988. Studies in the Flora of Arabia XXIV: The genus Ceropegia in Arabia. Notes Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. 45(2): 287-326.

Bruyns, P. and Forster, P.I. 1991. A new species of Sarcostemma from Arabia. Edin. J. Bot. 48: 333-335.

Bruyns, P.V. & Miller, A.G. 2009.  Lectotypification of some Arabian Apocynaceae. Edinburgh J. of Botany, 66 (1): 97–101 (2009)

Bukhari, N.A. & Alfarhan, A.H.  2005. Systematic studies of Verbascum l. in Saudi Arabia , Journal of King Saud University (Sci.), 18(2) 63-125.

Bukhari, N.A. & Al-Shaya, N.A. 2007. Study of the seeds of Resedaceae family in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia J. of King Saud Univ. (Sci.) 21(3):  

Carter, S. & Wood, J.R.I. 1981. Two new succulent Euphorbia species from southwest Arabia, Kew Bull. 37(1): 73-77.

Center for Desert Studies (1990). Wild Plants of Jubail & Yanbu: Their General Characteristics and Uses. Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu and King Saud University

Chaudhary, S. A. 1985. Genus Coelachyrum (Gramineae) in Saudi Arabia. Proc. Saudi Bio. Soc. 8: 217-225.

Chaudhary, S. 1985. Genus Avena (Gramineae) in Saudi Arabia. Proc. Saudi Bio. Soc. 8: 207-215.

Chaudhary, S. A. 1985. Aristida L. (Gramineae) in Saudi Arabia. Proc. Saudi Bio. Soc. 8: 227-243.

Chaudhary, S. 1989. Grasses of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Agri. & Water, Riyadh. 465p.

Chaudhary, S. 1999. Flora of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. vol 1, Ministry of Agri. & Water, Riaydh, 691p.

Chaudhary, S.A. 2000. Flora of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. vol 2 (part 1), Ministry of Agri. & Water, Riyadh.

Chaudhary, S.A. 2000. Flora of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. vol 2 (part 2), Ministry of Agri. & Water, Riyadh.

Chaudhary, S. 2000. Flora of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. vol 2 (part 3), Ministry of Agri. & Water, Riyadh.

Chaudhary, S. A. & Akram 1987: Weeds of Saudi Arabia & the Arabian Peninsula. – Riyadh.

Chaudhary, S. A. (1983 a). Acacia  and  other  genera of Mimosoideae in Saudi Arabia. Ministry  of  Agriculture. Riyadh

Chaudhary, S. A. and Akram, M., 1986, The genus Salsola (Chenopodiaceae) in Saudi Arabia. Proc. Saudi Biol. Soc. 9: 57-89.

Chaudhary, S.A. & Hiepko, P. 1984. The identity of Convolvulus linoides Bornm. (Convolvulaceae). Willdenowia 14: 199-201.

Chaudhary, S.A. & Al-Howaishel, Z. 1980. Weeds of southwestern Arabian Peninsula, Tropical Pest Management 26 (3): 299-302.

Chaudhary, S.A. & Cope, T. A. 1983: Studies in the flora of Arabia VI. A checklist of grasses of Saudi Arabia. – Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res. 1: 313-354.

Chaudhary, S.A. & Zawawi, M.A. 1983. A manual of weeds of Central and Eastern Saudi Arabia. National Herbarium, Min. Agri. & Water, Riyadh. 326p.

Chandhary, S.A. 1983. Preliminary studies on the genus Convolvulus in Saudi Arabia. J. Saudi Arabian Nat. Hist. Soc, 2(3): 11-31.

Chaudhary, S. A.1984. Genus Plantago in Saudi Arabia. Proc. Saudi Bio. Soc. 7: 239-257.

Chaudhary, S.A. 1985. Studies on Heliotropium in Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res. 3: 33-53.

Chaudhary, S.A. 1986. Bromeae (Gramineae) of Saudi Arabia. Proc. Saudi Bio. Soc. 9: 91-113.

Chaudhary, S. & Al-Khoja, A.R. 1986. The genus Eremopyrum (Gramineae) in Saudi Arabia. Proc. Saudi Bio. Soc. 9: 115-120

Chaudhary, S.A. 1987 The genus Halothamnus Jaub. & Spach. (Chenopodiaceae) in Saudi Arabia . Proc. Saudi Bio. Soc. 10: 319-326.

Chaudhary, S.A. 1987. The genus Stipagrostis Nees (Poaceae) in Saudi Arabia. Proc. Saudi Bio. Soc., 10: 327-341.

Chaudhary, S.A.; Al-Juwayed, A.A. & Abdul Rub, M. 1994. The genus Ficus (Moraceae) in Saudi Arabia. Bio. Sci. 3: 110-124.

Chaudhary, S.A. 2001. Flora of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Vol III, Ministry of Agri. and Water, Riyadh.

Chaudhary, S.A.; Parker, C. & Kasasian, L. 1981. Weeds of Central, Southern and Eastern Arabian Peninsula, Trop. Pest Manag. 27(2): 181-190.

Chaudhary, S.A. and Lavranos, J.J. 1985. Studies in the Flora of Arabia XVI: Two new species of Ceropegia from Saudi Arabia, Notes RBG, Edinb. 42(2): 315-319.

Christensen, C. 1922. Index to Petrus Forsskal : Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica, 1775” with a revision of Herbarium Forsskalii contained in the Botanical Museum of the Univ. Copenhagen. Dan. Bot. Ark., Vol. 4, no. 3: 1-54.

Collenette, I.S. 1985. An illustrated guide to the flowers of Saudi Araba, Scorpion Publishers, London

Collenette, I. S. 1989. The loss of rare and endangered plants. Saudi Arabian Nat. Hist. Scoc. 2(9): 10-13.

Collenette, I. S. 1998. A  checklist of  botanical species in Saudi Arabia. 80 pp. International Asclepiad Society, West Sussex.

Collenette, I. S. 1999. Wildflowers  of  Saudi Arabia. 799 pp. National Commission for Wildlife Conservation, Riyadh.

Collenette, I. S. 1987. Spiny Euphorbias in Arabia. Euphorbia J. 4: 102–122

Collenette, I. S. 1991. Ceropegias in Saudi Arabia. Kew Magazine. 8(1): 24-37.

Collenette, I. S. 1999. The Ceropegias in Saudi Arabia. British Cactus and Succulent Journal, 17(1): 181-187.

Collenette, I. S. and Tsagarakis, C. 2001. Some Regional Botanical Lists from Saudi Arabia. Taif, Saudi Arabia: National Wildlife Research Centre.

Cope, T. A. 1985: Studies in the flora of Arabia XX. A key to the grasses of the Arabian Peninsula. – Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res., Special Publ. 1: 1-82.

Cope, T.A. 1991. Some new Arabian grasses. Kew Bull. 47(4):655-664.

Cope, T.A. Edited by Miller, A.G. & Knees, S.G. 2007. Flora of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra Volume 5 part 1. Edinburgh University Press.

Cope, T.A. 2009 (ed.). Flora of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra  vol. 5 part 1, Edinburgh University Press

Cribb, P. J.  1987: New records of Orchidaceae for Arabia. – Kew Bull. 42: 461-463.

Cribb, P. J. 1979: The orchids of Arabia. – Kew Bull. 33: 651-678.

Danin, A. 1991. Plant adaptations in desert dunes J. of Arid Envi.21: 193-212.

Danin, A. 1996. Adaptations of Stipagrostis spp. to desert dunes. J. of Arid. Envi.34: 279-311.

Danin, A. 1996. Plants of desert dunes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Danin, A. 1999. Contributions to the flora of Jordan 3. A new species of Artemisia (Compositae, Anthemidea) from S. Jordan. Willdenowia 29: 147-153.

Danin, A. and Hedge, I.C. 1972. Contributions to the flora of Sinai I: new and confused taxa, Notes from the Royal Bot. Gardens 32: 259-271

Daur, I., 2012. Plant flora in the rangeland of western Saudi Arabia. Pak. J. Bot., 44 (Special Isssue): 23-26

Davis, P.H. 1980. New species from Turkey, Arabia and Morocco. Notes R.B.G. Edinb. 38(3): 443-446.

De Clerck, O. & Coppejans, E.V. 1994. Status of the macroalgae and seagrass vegetation after the 1991 Gulf war oil spill. Courier Forschungs Institut Senckenberg 166: 18-21.

Deflers, A. 1886: Herborisations dans les montagnes volcanques d’Aden. Bull. Soc. Bot. France. 32: 343-356.

Deflers, A. 1887: Nouvelles contributions a la flore d’Aden. Ibid. 34: 61-69.

Deflers, A. 1895: Equisse de geographie botanique la vegetation de l’Arabie Hopicule au-dela a du Yemen. Revue d’Egypte. 1: 349-370; 400-430.

Deflers, A. 1895-1896: Descriptions de quelaques plantes nouvelles de l’Arabie meridionale. Bull. Soc. Bot. France. 42: 297-306 (1895); 43: 104-123; 218-236 (1896).

Deflers, A. 1896. Les Asclepiadees de l’Arabie tropicale. Mem. Inst. Egypt. 3: 253- 283.

Deflers, A. 1896: Plantes de l’Arabie meridionale recueillies pendant les annees 1889, 1890, 1893 et 1894. Ibid. 43: 321-332.

Deflers, A. 1921. Asclepiadees de 1’Arabie Tropicale. Memoires Institute de’Egypte, Cairo. 3: p. 270.

Deil, U. 1991. Rock communities in tropical Arabia. Flora et vegetation Mundi 9: 175-187.

Deil, U. 1986. Die Wadivegetation der nordlichen Tihama und Gebirgstihama der Arabischen Republik Jemen. In: H. Kurschner (ed.), contributions to the vegetation of southwest Asia, pp. 167-199 – Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag.

Deil, U. & Muller-Hohenstein, K. Euphorbias from ‘Arabia Felix’, Habitats and Distribution. The Euphorbia Journal,  109-121.

Deil, U. & Muller-Hohenstein, K 1984. An Euphorbia balsamifera community from the Yemeni Highlands and its relationship to plant communities from Macaronesia. Flora 175: 407-426.

Deflers, A. 1892. Arabian Coffee. Trop. Agric. Colombo., p145.

De Marco, G. & Dinelli, A. 1974. First contribution to the floristic knowledge of Saudi Arabia. Annali Di Botanica 36: 209-236

De Marco, G. & Dinelli, A. 1975. On a new subspecies of Plantago amplexicaulis Cav. from Saudi Arabia. Annali Di Botanica, 34: 259-267. 

Demissew, S. 1996. The genus Hildebrandtia (Convolvulaceae) from mainland Africa and Arabia. Kew Bull. 51(3): 525-541.

Eggli, U. (ed.). 2002. Illustrated handbook of succulent plants: Dicotyledons, Sprenger, Berlin.

Eggli, U. (ed.) 2003. Illustrated handbook of succulent plants: Crassulaceae, Sprenger, Berlin.

Eggli, U. (ed.) 2001. Illustrated handbook of succulent plants: Monocotyledons, Sprenger, Berlin.

El-Beheiry, M.A.H. 2007. Floristic composition of Lake Abha, Southwestern Saudi Arabia Arab Gulf J. of Sci. Res.  25(3): 102-109

El Ghazali, G.E.B. and Al-Soqeer, A.R. 2013. A Checklist of the Weed Flora of Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(2): 900-905.

El Ghazali, G.E.B.  & Mousa, H.M. (2014). A Checklist to the poisonous plants of Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Science, 7(1): 21-34

Eig, A. 1945. A revision of the Chenopodiaceae of Palestine and neighbouring countries. Palest. J. Bot. Ser., 3, 3: 126-140.

Evenari, M. & Gutterman, Y. 1973. Some notes on Salvadora persica L. in Sinai and its use as a toothbrush. flora 162: 118-125.

Farjon, A. 1992. The taxonomy of multiseed Junipers (Junipers sect. Sabina) in southwest Asia and East Africa (Taxonomic notes on Cupressaceae I). Edinburgh J. Bot. 49: 251-283.

Fayed, A.A. & Al-Zahrani, D.A. 2007. Three new spiny Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) species from Western Saudi Arabia. Edinburgh J. of Botany 64 (2): 117–129.

Field, D.V. 1980. A new Huernia (Asclepiadaceae) from Saudi Arabia, with notes on related species. Kew Bull., 35(4): 753-757.

Field, D.V. & Collenette, S. 1984. Ceropegia superba (Asclepiadaceae) a new species from Saudi Arabia. Kew Bulletin 39: 639-642.

Foley, M. J. Y., Hedge, I. C. & Möller, M.: The enigmatic Salvia tingitana (Lamiaceae): a case study in history, taxonomy and cytology. – Willdenowia 38: 41-59.

Forsskal, P. 1775. Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica. Copenhagen, Denmark.

Freitag, H. 1975. The Piptatherum (Gramineae) in southwest Asia . Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 33: 341-408.

Freitag, H. 1989. Piptatherum and Stipa (Gramineae) in the Arabian Peninsula and tropical East Africa. In Kit Tan (Ed.) The Davis & Hedge Festschrift pp. 115-132. in Plant Taxonomy, Phytogeography and Related subjects. Edinburgh University Press.

Freitag, H. 1991. The distribution of some prominent Chenopodiaceae in SW Asia and their phytogeographical significance. Flora et Vegetatio Munde 9: 281-292

Frey, W. & Kurschner, H. 1982. The first records of bryophytes from Saudi Arabia. Studies in Arabian Bryophytes 1. Lindbergia 8: 157-160

Frey, W. & Kurschner, H. 1987. A desert bryophyte synusia from the Jabal Tuwayq mountain systems (Central Saudi Arabia) with the description of two new Crossidium species (Pottiaceae). Studies in Arabian bryophytes 8: Nova Hedwigia 45: 119-136.

Frey, W. & Kurschner, H. 1988. Bryophytes of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra. Floristics, phytogeography and definition of the xerothermic Pangean element. Studies in Arabian bryophytes 12. Nova Hedwigia 46: 37-120

Frey, W. 1989. The Bryophytes of Saudi Arabia and the importance of their conservation (Studies in Arabian Bryophytes 9). in: Wildlife Conservation and development in Saudi Arabia. Proc. of the first symb. Riyadh, Feb. 1987. NCWCD, Publ. No. 3.

Friis, I. 1981. The taxonomy and distribution of Mimusops laurifolia (Sapotaceae). Kew Bull. 35: 785-792.

Friis, I. 1983. The acaulescent and succulent species of Dorstenia Sect. Korsaria (Moraceae) from Northeast tropical Africa and Arabia. Nordic J. of Botany 3: 533-538.

Gabali, S. A. & Al-Gifri, A.-N. 1990: Flora of South Yemen. Angiospermae. A provisional Checklist..Feddes Repert. 101: 373-383.

Gabali, S. A. 1995: Plant life in Yemen. A general survey and preliminary checklist of the flowering plant species. – Publ. Univ. Aden, Reference Book Ser. 4.

Gabali, S. A. 1998: Studies in the flora of Yemen, 4. The endemic species. – Candollea 53: 73-92.

Gamal-Eldin, E 1984: Studies in the Flora of Arabia: 8. A new Pulicaria from Oman. – Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 41: 467-471.

Gamal-Eldin, E. 1981: Revision der Gattung Pulicaria (Compositae – Inuleae) für Afrika, Makaronesien und Arabien. – Phanerog. Monogr. 14.

Gazer, M.H. 2011. Vegetation composition and floristical diversity in date palm orchards of central Saudi Arabia. Acta Botanica Hungarica 53(1–2): 111–126.

Ghafoor, A. 1997.  A new species of Anthemis L. (Asteraceae–Anthemidae) from Saudi Arabia. Feddes Repertorium 108(5-6): 319-323

Ghafoor, A. & Al-Turki, T.A. 1999. A new Anthemis (Asteraceae) from Saudi Arabia.  Edinburgh Journal Botany  56 (1): 55-59.

Ghafoor, A. and Al-Turki, T.A. 1997. A synopsis of the genus Anthemis L. (Compositae-Anthemideae) in Saudi Arabia. Candollea 52: 457-474.

Ghafoor, A. 2010. The genus Anthemis L. (Compositae-Anthemideae) in Arabian Peninsula: A taxonomic study. Pak. J. Bot., Special Issue (S.I. Ali Festschrift) 42: 79-98.

Ghazanfar, S.A & J. R. Edmondson, J.R. 2003. Two new species of Limonium (Plumbaginaceae) from the Sultanate of Oman and Arabia. Edinburgh Journal of Botany, 60(1): 11-18

Ghazanfar, S.A. 2003. Flora of the Sultanate of Oman, Vol. 1, Piperaceae-Primulaceae (Text + photo CD-ROM). Scripta Botanica Belgica Series 25. Belgium: National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Meise. Pp 262.

Ghazanfar, S.A. (2007). Flora of Sultanate of Oman, Vol. 2, Crassulaceae-Apiaceae (Text + Photo CD-ROM). Scripta Botanica Belgica Series 36. Belgium: National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Meise. Pp 220.

Ghazanfar, S.A. and Osborne, J. 2015. Typification of Zygophyllum propinquum Decen. And Z. coccineum L. (Zygophyllaceae) and a key to Tetraena in SW Asia. Kew Bulletin, 70: 37-

Gilbert, M. G. 1986: A reconsideration of the Rhus glutinosa complex (Anacardiaceae). – Nordic J. Bot. 6: 571-572.

Gilbert, M.G. 1993. A review of Gisekia (Gisekiaceae). Kew Bull. 48(3): 343-356.

Gillett, J.B. 1952. The genus Trifolium in Southern Arabia and in Africa, South of the Sahara. Kew Bull., 3: 367-404.

Gilliland, H.B. 1952. Notes on Shrubs and Trees in Southern Arabia. Trees in South Africa 4,1:19-20,23

Goyder, D. J. & Nicholas, A. 2001: A revision of Gomphocarpus R. Br. (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadeae).– Kew Bull. 56: 769-836.

Goyder, D.J. and Boulos, L. 1991. A New Species of Periploca (Asclepiadaceae) from Southwest Arabia, Kew Bulletin, Vol. 46 (1): 133-135.

Green, P.S. 1986. Jasminum in Arabia, Kew Bull. 41(2): 413-418.

Green, P. S. & Wickens, G. E. 1989: The Olea europaea complex. – Pp. 287-299 in: Tan, K. & Hedge, I., The Davis and Hedge Festschrift. – Edinburgh.

Gushash,A.S. 1427 H. Plants in the mountains of Sarat and Hejaz.Vol. 1 & 2. Sarawa…..

Hadidi, N. 1977. Two new Zygophyllum species from Arabia. Publication, Cairo Univ. Herb. 7 & 8: 327-331.

.

Hadidi, N. 1977. Tribulaceae as a distinct family. Publications, Cairo Univ. Herb. 7 & 8: 103-108

Hadidi, N. 1978. An introduction to the classification of Tribulus L., Taeckholmia 9: 59-66.

Hajar, A.S.; Chaudhary, S.; Ahmed H. Alfarhan; Farraj, M.M. and Al-Juwayed, A. 1996. Peculiar mode of propagation in  Crinum yemense Defl. (Amaryllidaceae) population in Saudi Arabia. Jour. of  King Abdul Aziz Univ. 7: 71-77

Halliday, P. 1983. The genus Kleinia (Compositae) in Arabia. Kew Bulletin 39: 817-827.

Hammouda, M.A. and Bakr, Z.Y. 1971. The seed coat of some desert plants. A taxonomic outlook. Bull. Fac. Sci., Riyadh Univ. 3: 54-63.

Hanacek, P. & Rinacek, M. 2000. A new species of Rhytidocaulon (Asclepiadaceae) from Southern Yemen. Asklepios 80: 19-22

Hartmann, H.E.K. (ed.) 2001. Illustrated handbook of succulent plants: Aizoaceae, A-E, Sprenger, Berlin.

Hartmann, H.E.K. (ed.) 2001. Illustrated handbook of succulent plants: Aizoaceae, F-Z, Sprenger, Berlin.

Hedge, I. C. 1982: Studies in the flora of Arabia: 2. Some new and interesting species of Labiatae. – Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 40: 63-73.

Hedge, I.C. 1986. Labiatae of south-west Asia: diversity, distribution and endemism. Proc. of the Royal Soc. of Edinburgh. 89B: 23-35

Hedge, I.C. & King, R.A. 1983. The Cruciferae of the Arabian Peninsula: A check-list of species and a key to genera. Studies in the Flora of Arabia IV. Arab Gulf J. of Sci. Res. 1: 41-66.

Hedge, I.C. & Tan, K. (1987). Two remarkable new Cruciferae from Saudi Arabia. Plant Systematics and Evolution 156: 197-206.

Hedge, I..C.& Podlech, D. 1987. A first survey of Astracantha and Astragalus in the Arabian Peninsula. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 108: 259-270.

Hedge, I.C. 2004. Plant Life of South-West Asia Symposia: VI – Past and Future, Turk.J. Bot. 28: 5-6

Heemstra, H. H., Al-Hassan, H. O. & Al-Minwer, F. S. 1990: Plants of northern Saudi Arabia. Range and Animal Development Research Center, Sakaka, KSA.

Hillcoat, D.; Lewis, G. & Verdcourt, B. 1980. A new species of Ceratonia (Leguminoae: Caesalpinioideae) from Arabia and the Somali Republic, Kew Bull. 35: 261-271.

Hindi, S.S.Z. 2013.  Calotropis procera: The miracle shrub in the Arabian Peninsula. International journal of science and engineering investigations, 2(16): 48-57.

Hochstetter, C.F. 1844. Novum Convolvulacearum genus ex Arabia. – Flora 27, Besondere Beilage: 7-8.

Horwood, F.K. 1970. Exotic Xerophytes: 7, Some notes on the succulents of Socotra, National Cactus & Succulent J. 25: 103-105.

Hosni, H.A. 1977. A new Tribulus species with winged carpels. Bot. Notiser 130: 261-262.

Hosni, H.A. 1988. A conspectus of Tribulus in Arabia. Taeckholmia 11: 1-18.

Hosni, H.A. & Hegazy, A.K. 1996. Contribution to the flora of Asir, Saudi Arabia, Candollea, 51: 169-202.

Hosny, A.I. 1988. Genus Zygophyllum L. in Arabia. Taeckholmia 11: 19-32.

Huber, H. 1957: Revision der Gattung Ceropegia Mem. Soc. Brot. 12: 1-203.

Hunde, A. 1982. Two new species of Acacia (Leguminosae – Mimosoideae) from Ethiopia and Yemen, Nord. J. Bot. 2: 337-342.

Jones, D.A. 1986. A field guide to the seashores of Kuwait and the Arabian Gulf, Blandfords press.

Jonsell, B. 1986. A monograph of Farsetia (Cruciferae). Acta Universitatis Upsalensis 25: 1-107.

Kerfoot, O. & Lavranos, J.J. 1984. Studies in the Flora of Arabia X: Juniperus phoenicea L. and J. excelsa M. BIEB. Notes RBG Edinbg. 41(3): 483-489.

Khalifa, S.F. & Ishak, I.F. 1979. Amalgamation of micro and macro morphological characters for identification of some Malvaceous  species. Proc. Saudi Biol. Soc. 3: 167-192.

Kalifa, S.F. & Hamed, K.A. 1979. Studies on stem anatomy of some taxa of the Boraginaceae with reference to its taxonomic value. Proc. Saudi Biol. Soc. 193-212.

Khattab, A. and El-Hadidy, M.N. 1971. Results of a botanic expedition to Arabia in 1944-1945. Cairo Univ. Herb. Publ. 4: 95p.

Kilian, N & Miller, A. G. 2000: Studies in the Compositae of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra – 5. Distephanus qazmi (Vernonieae, Gymnantheminae), a remarkable new species from the island of Socotra, Yemen. – Willdenowia 30: 83-91.

Kilian, N. & Gemeinholzer, B.2007. Studies in the Compositae of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra –7. Erythroseris, a new genus and the previously unknown sister group of Cichorium Cichorieae subtribe Cichoriinae). – Willdenowia 37: 283-296.

Kilian, N. & Hein, P. 1999. Studies in the Compositae of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra – 2. Pulicaria samhanensis sp. nova (Inuleae) from Dhofar and notes on other S Arabian species of the genus. Willdenowia 29: 187–196.

Kilian, N. 1999: Studies in the Compositae of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra – 1. Pulicaria gamal-eldinae sp. nova (Inuleae) bridges the gap between Pulicaria and former Sclerostephane (now P. sect. Sclerostephane). – Willdenowia 29: 167-185.

Kilian, N., Hein, P. & Hubaishan, M. A.  2002. New and noteworthy records for the flora of Yemen, chiefly of Hadhramout and Al-Mahra. Willdenowia 32 –239-269.

Kilian N. & Hubaishan M. A. 2002: Tephrosia Dura, Leguminosae. – Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 19: 241-246

Kilian N. & Hein P. 2006: New and noteworthy records for the vascular plant flora of Socotra Island, Yemen. – Pp. 57-77 in: Kilian, N. & Hubaishan, M. A. (ed.), Biodiversity of Socotra: forests, woodlands and bryophytes. – Englera 28

King, R.A. 1988. Studies in the flora of Arabia XIX: Teucrium in the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra. Notes RBG Edinb. 45(1): 21-42.

King, R.A.& Kay, K.J. 1984. The Caryophyllaceae of the Arabian Peninsula: a checklist and key to taxa (Studies in the Flora of Arabia XII). Arab Gulf J. Sci. Res. 2: 391-414.

King-Jones, S. & Kilian, N.1999. Studies in the Compositae of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra – 3. Pluchea aromatica from Socotra is actually a species of Pulicaria (Inuleae). – Willdenowia 29: 197-202.

King-Jones, S. 1999. Studies in the Compositae of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra – 4. The Arabian species of Pluchea (Compositae, Plucheae). – Willdenowia 29: 203-220.

Lavranos, J. J. & Newton, L. E. 1979. New Stapelieae from Yemen Arab Republic. Cact. Succ. J. (U.S.) 51: 233–237.

Lavranos, J.J. 1963. Two new species of Huernia from south western Arabia. J. S. Afr. Bot. 29: 97-101.

Lavranos, J.J. 1963. Three new species of Caralluma from south-western Arabia. J. South Africa Bot. 29: 103-110.

Lavranos, J.J. 1964. New Stapelieae from southern Arabia. J. S. Afr. Bot. 30: 87.

Lavranos, J.J. 1965. Notes on the Aloes of Arabia with description of six new species. J. Afr. Bot. 31: 55-81.

Lavranos, J.J. 1970. Notes on the succulent flora of northeast Africa and southern Arabia. 2, new species of Stapeliae from the Somali Republic. Cactus Succ. J. 43: 60-67

Lavranos, J.J. 1970. The Stapelieae of Socotra. Cactus Succ. J. 42: 179-181.

Lavranos, J.J. 1971. Senecio delfersii O. Schwartz, a very rare and unusual species from the southern Yemen. Cactus Succ. J. 43: 150-152.

Lavranos, J. J. 1971. Notes on the succulent flora of northeast Africa and southern Arabia, part 1. Cact. Succ. J. (U. S.) 43 (1): 9-11.

Lavranos, J. J. 1971. Notes on the succulent flora of northeast Africa and southern Arabia, part 2. Cact. Succ. J. (U. S.) 43 (2): 60-61

Lavranos, J.J. 1974. Sarcostemma vanlessenii– A new species from Yemen. National Cactus and succulent Journal (UK). 29: 35

Lavranos, J.J. 1977. Caralluma shadhbana. Flow. Pl. Afr. 44: plate 1743.

Lavranos, J.J., 1978: On the Mediterranean and western Asiatic floral element in the area of the Gulf of Aden. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 99: 152-167.

Lavranos, J.J. 1983. Two new Stapelieae from Saudi Arabia, Cactus and Succulent J. 55: 23-36.

Lavranos, J.J. 1985. Aloe sheilae Lavranos: A new species from Saudi Arabia. Cactus and Succulent Journal 57: 71-72.

Lavranos, J.J. 1995. Aloe whitcombei and A. collenetteae, two new cliff dwelling species from Oman, Arabia. Cactus and Succulent Journal 67: 30-33

.Lavranos, J.J. and Bilaidi, A.S. 1971. Notes on the succulent flora of northeast Africa and southern Arabia; Pt. 3. Two new species from the Southern Yemen. Cactus Succ. J. 43: 204-208.

Lavranos, J.J. & Newton, L.E. 1977. Two new species of Aloe from Arabia. Cactus and Succulent Journal 49: 113-116.

Lewis, B. 1953: The Book of Plants of Abu Hanifa el-Dinawari. Uppsala Univ. Arsskr. 10: 1-225.

Lipkin, Y. 1957. A history, catalogue and bibliography of Red Sea seagrasses. Isr. J. Bot. 24: 89-105

Lipscombe-Vincett, B.A. 1977. Wild flowers of Central Saudi Arabia, PI.ME. editrice-Milano, 114p.

Lonn, E. 1999. Revision of the three Boraginaceae genera Echiochilon, Ogastemma, and Sericostoma. Bot. J. Linn. Soc., 130: 185-259.

Mandaville, J. P. 1973. A contribution to the flora of Asir, southwestern Arabia. Miami, Field Research Publications IV+13pp.

Mandaville, J. P. 1974. Some Arabian ferns. J. Saudi Arabian Nat. Hist. Soc. 11: 7-8.

Mandaville, J. P. 1990. Flora of Eastern   Saudi Arabia. Kegan  Paul, London and NCWCD, Riyadh.

Mandaville, J.P. 1968. Flowers in the sand (Saudi Arabia). ARAMCO. Wld. Mag. 19(1): 23-25. 

Masrahi, Y.S. 2012. The illustrated guide for the Wild Plants of Jazan region. Published by Author,Jeddah

Mathew, B. & Collenette, S. 1994. A curious new species of Albuca (Hyacinthaceae) from Saudi Arabia. Kew Bull. 49: 125-148.

Meikle, R.D. (1978). A key to Commicarpus. Notes Royal Bot. Gard., Edinburgh 36: 235-249.

Meve, U. and Liede, S. 1996. Sarcostemma R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae) in East Africa and Arabia. Bot. J. of the Linn. Soc. 120: 21-38.

Meve, U. and Mangelsdorff, R.M. 2001. A new Ceropegia species from Yemen, and reconsideration of the status of C. arabica, c. barbigera and C. powysii (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae-Ceropegieae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 137 99-105.

Meve, U.; Masinde, P.S.; Sentner, U. and Liede, S. 2001. RAPD analysis and taxonomic reconsideration of the Ceropegia aristolochioides compelx (Apocynaceae-Ceropegieae). Plant Bio. 3: 622-628.

Migahid, A. M. 1989-1990.  Flora of  Saudi  Arabia. ed. 3 (rev. by A. M. Migahid). Vol. 1 & 2 (Dicotyledons),  Vol. 3 (Monocotyledons)King Saud University, Riyadh

Migahid, A.M. 1978. Flora of Saudi Arabia Vols 1 & 2.  Riyadh University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Migahid, A.M. and Hammouda, M.A. 1974. Flora of Saudi Arabia. Riyadh Univ. Publ. p574.

Mill, R.R. and Miller, A.G. 1984. Studies in the Flora of Arabia: IX A Synopsis of Paracynoglossum (Boraginaceae). Notes RBG, Edinburgh, 41(3): 473-482.

Mill, R. 2013. New taxa of Convolvulus (Convolvulaceae) from the Arabian Peninsula. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 70(2): 367 – 379

Miller, A.G. 1980. A revision of Campylanthus. Notes R.B.G., Edinb. 38: 373-385.

Miller, A.G. 1982. Studies in the Flora of Arabia. I. A Botanical Bibliography of the Arabian Peninsula. Notes Royal Botanical Garden of Edinburgh 40: 43-61.

Miller, A. G 1996: Studies in the flora of Arabia: 29. Two new species from Yemen. – Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 53: 145-147.

Miller, A. G.; Nyberb, J.A. & Cope, T. A. 1996. Flora   of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra. Vol. 1. Royal Bot. Garden, Edinburgh; Royal Bot. Gard., Kew..

Miller, A.G. 1984. A revision of the genus Ochradenus. Notes RBG Edinb. 41:491-504.

Miller, A.G. 1984. Psilotum nudum: A new record fro Arabia. Fern Gazette 12: 361

Miller, A. G. 1985: The genus Lavandula in Arabia and tropical NE Africa. – Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42: 503-528.

Miller, A.G. & Nyberg, J.A. 1991. Patterns of endemism in Arabia. Flora et Vegetatio Mundi  9: 263-273.

Miller, A.G.; Short, M. & Sutton, D.A. 1982. A revision of Schweinfurthia. Notes from the Royal Bot. Garden, Edinburgh 40: 23-40.

Miller, A.G. and Whitecombe, R.P. 1983. Studies in the flora of Arabia: IV. A new Campanula from Oman. Notes RBG. Edinb. 41(1): 109-113.

Mohammed–Ibtisam M.I., Doka G.M. Check list of flora and vegetation of Hafer Albatin region, northeastern Saudi Arabia. MOJ Eco Environ Sci. 2018;3(3):138-143. DOI: 10.15406/mojes.2018.03.00078

Montealegre. J.R.; Reyes, R.; Perez L.M.; Herrera, R.; Silva. P.; Mossallam, H.A.& BaZaid, S.A., 2000. An illustrated guide to the wild plants of Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Umm Al Qura Univ., Saudi Arabia.

Mossallam HA, BaZaid SA, 2000. An Illustrated Guide to the Wild Plants of Taif. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Publication Committee For Tourism Activation-Taif, Saudi Arabia

Mummenhoff, K. 1995. Should Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. be classified within the genus Lepidium L. (Brassicaceae)? Evidence from subunit polypeptide composition of RUBISCO. Feddes Repert. 106(1-2): 25-28.

Musselman, L. J. & Hepper, F. N. 1988. Studies in the flora of Arabia: 20. The genus Striga in Arabia. – Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 45: 43-50.

Nader, A.H. 1982. First records of flora from the highlands of Asir, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Senckenbergiana Biologica 62(4/6):406-412.

Nader, I. A. & Nader, A. 1978. Lampranthus roseus from the highlands of Asir: a new addition to the Flora of Saudi Arabia. Journ. Saudi Arabian Nat. Hist. Soc. 23: 5-9.

Nahed M. Waly and Samah A. Al-Rehaily. 2013.  Taxonomic Studies on some species of genus Huernia R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae) growing in AL-Taif Province,  Saudi Arabia, Taeckholmia 33: 1-18

Parker, C. 1973. Weeds in Arabia. PANS 19(3): 345-352.

Patva, J. A. R. 1988. Notes on Arabian Polygala L. (Polygalaceae) Anales Jard. Bot.Madrid 45(1): 151-158

Petrusson, L. & Thulin, M. 1966. Taxonomy and biogeography of Gymnocarpos (Caryophyllaceae) Edinburgh J. of Botany 53: 1-26.

Phillips, R.C. 2002. ‘A short review on seagrasses of the Arabian Peninsula region with particular reference to mineralisation in sabkhat’. In: Barth, H.-J and Böer, B. (eds) Sabkha Ecosystems. Vol. 1. The Arabian Peninsula and Adjacent Countries, pp 299–302. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Plowes, D.C.H. 1995. A reclassification of Caralluma R. Br. (Stapelieae: Asclepiadaceae). Haseltonia 3: 49-70.

Plowes, D. C. H. and McCoy, T. A. 2003. Huernia khalidbinsultanii, a new species from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Cactus and succulent journal (U. S.), 75 (1): 19-21.

Popov, G. B. 1971. Plants: How, where and when to collect them. J. Saudi Arabian Nat. Hist. Soc. 2: 2-6.

Post, G. E. and Dinsmore, T. E. 1932-33. Flora of Syria, Palestine and Sinai ed 2. Vols 1-2. London and Beirut.

Qaiser, M. & Lack, H.W. 1985. The genus Phagnalon (Asteraceae, Inuleae) in Arabia. Willdenowia 15: 3-22.

Qaiser, M. & Lack, H. W. 1986: A note on Pluchea arabica (Asteraceae, Inuleae). – Willdenowia 15: 451-454. 

Raadts, E.  1981. Uber zwei arabische Kalanchoe-Arten (Crassulaceae). Willdenowia 11: 327-331.

Remesh,M., Yahya S Masrahi, Osama H Sayed. 2019. Phragmites australis (Poaceae): New addition to flora of southwestern Saudi Arabia. Saudi J. Bio. Sci. 26(7): 1563-1566.

Rao, K.N. 2013. Crop wild relatives from the Arabian Peninsula. Genetic resources and crop evolution. 60: 1709-1725.

Rauh, W. 1966. Little known succulents of southern Arabia. Cactus and Succulent Journal 38: 165-176, 207-219.

Rechinger, K.H. 1964. Flora of Lowland Iraq Weinheim, Verlag Von J. Cramer, Hafner publishing co., New York.

Ricks, G.R.1988.  Landscape Plant Manual for Saudi Arabia, King Abdulaziz University Press, Jeddah.

Ricks, G. 1992. Native and Introduced Species for Naturalistic Landscape in Saudi Arabia. J. King Abdulaziz Univ. Eng. Sci., 4: 21-46.

Ridley, H. N. 1884: A new species of Albuca from Aden. Journ. Bot. 22: 370.

Robertson, E.F.; Collenette, S. 1996. Checklist of plants in the Ibex Reserve. Unpublished Report. King Khalid Wildlife Res. Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Robertson, E.F.; Collenette, S.; Strauss, M. & Wacher, T. 1996. Checklist of plants in Uruq bani Mu’Arid. Unpublished Report, King Khalid Wildlife Res. Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Robertson, E.F.; Dunham, K. & Collenette, S. 1997. Report on a visit to the At-Tubayq Protected Area. Unpublished report. King Khald Wildlife Res. Center for NCWCD, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Robertson, F. 1995. Food Plants of Mountain Gazelles and Ibex in the Ibex Reserve. Unpublished Report, King Khalid Wildlife Res. Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Sa’ad, F.I. 1967. The Convolvulus species of the Canary Isles, the Mediterranean region and the Near and Middle East. Bronder-Offset, Rotterdam

Rollins, R.C. & Al-Shehbaz, I.A. 1986. Weeds of South-West Asia in North America with special reference to the Cruciferae. Hedge, I.C. (ed.) Plant Life in South-West Asia, Proc. Symb., The Royal, Soc. Edinburgh, 89B: 289-299.

Scholz, H. 1969. Bemerkungen zu einigen Stipagrostis-Arten aus Afrika und Arabien. Osterrische Botanische Zeitschrift 117: 284-292.

Scholz, H., and Konig, P. 1983. Enneapogon lophotrichus, eine neue Gramineen-Art. (Enneapogon lophotrichus,  a new  species of Gramineae) Willdenowia 13: 369-371.

Scholz, H., and Konig, P. 1984. Die Gattung Oropetium (Gramineae) in Arabien. Willdenowia 14: 161-163.

Scholz, H., and Konig, P. 1984. Erganzungen zun flora Saudi Arabia: Gramineae. Willdenowia 14: 373-377. 

Scholz, H., and Konig, P. 1988. Eine neue Aristida (Gramineae) aus Arabien. Willdenowia 17: 111-113.

Schwartz, O. 1939. Flora des Tropischen Arabien Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot. Hamburg 10: 1-393.

Schweinfurth, G. 1888. Recent botanical exploration in Arabia. Scott. Geogr. Mag., Vol. 4: 212-213.

Schweinfurth, G. 1912. Arabische Pflanzennamen aus Aegypten, Algerien und Jemen. Berlin.

Sebsebe, D. 1985.The genus Maytenus (Celastraceae) in NE tropical Africa and tropical Arabia. Symb. Bot. Upasalienses 25(2): 1-101.

Sharawy, S.M., Alshammari, A.M., 2008. Checklist of poisonous plants and animals in Aja Mountain, Hail region, Saudi Arabia. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 3 (3), 2217–2225.

Sherif M. and Sharawy, S.M. 2014. Two New Records of Astragalus species of the Section Chronopus Bge. and Harpilobus Bge. in Saudi Arabia, Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences. 7(1): 67-70.

Smalla, M. 2000. Studies in the Compositae of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra – 6. The Hypochaeridinae (Lactuceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. – Willdenowia 30: 315-337.

Sokoloff, D.D. 2001. New records of Lotus (Leguminosae: papliooideae: Loteae) from Africa and southwest Asia. Kew Bull. 56: 715-720

Soliman, M.S.A; El-Tarras. A.S. and El-Awady, M.A. 2010. Seed Exomorphic Characters of some Taxa from Saudi Arabia, Journal of American Science, 6(11): 906-910.

Sturdy, R.. 1982. Native and adapted species for amenity planting in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Final report. SANCST research contract AR-O 1-045. Riyadh.

Täckholm, V. 1974. Students Flora of Egypt. 4^th edition. Beirut.

Taia, W.K. 2009. General View of Malvaceae Juss. s.l. and Taxonomic Revision of Genus Abutilon Mill. in Saudi Arabia. J. King Abdulaziz Univ.- Sci. 21(2): 349-363.

Taia, W.K. and El-Ghanem, W.M. 2004. Family Boraginaceae in Saudi Arabia. Pak. J. Bio. Sci., 7(10): 1664-1666.

Tamisier, M. 1840. Voyage en Arabie, 2 vols. Paris.

Tan, K. 1995. Seven new species of Echinops (Asteraceae). Ann. Bot. Fennici 32: 117-126.

Thomas, B. 1932. Flora from South Arabia. In: “Arabia Felix”. London,  Pp. 377-378.

Thomas, J. Sivadasan M., Al-Ansari, A.M.; Ahmed Alfarhan, Mohamed El-Sheikh, Mohamed Basahi. 2014. New generic and species records for the flora of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 21: 457-464.

Thomas, J.,  Basahi, R.  Al-Ansari , A.E.  Sivadasan, M.  El-Sheikh, M.A. Alfarhan, A;H.  Al-Atar, A, A. 2015. Additions to the Flora of Saudi Arabia: Two New Generic Records from the Southern Tihama of Saudi Arabia. National Academy Science Letters India 38(6): 513-516

Al-Taisan, W.A. and Gabr, D.G. 2017 Comparative morphological and anatomical characters of Cakile arabica from different habitat in eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 24(1): 226-233

Al-Rehaily, A., Thomas, J.,Yusuf,  M., Sivadasan, M. Alfarhan, A.H., El-Sheikh, M.A., Alatar, A. 2015. Taxonomy and distribution of two newly recorded genera in Saudi Arabia. Kuwait J. Sci. 42 (3) pp. 158-169.

Thulin, M. 1995: Indigofera rubromarginata sp. nova (Leguminosae) from southern Arabia, with a note on I. eremophila. – Nordic J. Bot. 15: 519-521.

Turrill, W. B. 1939: A new genus of Cruciferae from Arabia. J. Bot. 77: 116-125.

UNEP. 2010. State of Biodiversity in West Asia. http://www.unep.org/DEC/PDF/Stateofbiodiv-westasia.pdf

Vahl, M. 1790-1794: Symbolae botanicae, I (1790), II (1791), III (1794).

Varghese, M.; Yadav, S.S. & Thomas, J. 2006. Taxonomic Status of Some of the Tribulus Species in the Indian Subcontinent. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 13 (1) 7-12.

Verdcourt, B. 1982. Corrections and additions to the ‘Flora of Tropical East Africa: Convolvulaceae. Kew Bull., 37(3): 459-464.

Velenovsky, J. 1911. Plantae arabicae Musilianae. Sitzungsber. Konigl. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. Math.- Nat. cl. 11: 1-17.

Verdcourt, B. 1985. A synopsis of the Moringaceae. Kew Bull. 40: 1-23.

Vincett, B.A.L. 1977. Wild flowers of central Saudi Arabia. Milan, Tipostile. P.114.

Vincett, B.A.L.1984. Golden Days in the Desert: Wild Flowers of Saudi Arabia, IMMEL publication, London

Violet, D. 1955. The wild flower of Kuwait and Bahrain. London George Allen and Unwin.

Vollesen, K. 1987. The native species of Gossypium in Africa, Arabia and Pakistan. Kew Bull. 42: 337-349.

Waly, N. & Al Rehaily, S. 201. Taxonomic Studies on some species of genus Huernia R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae) growing in AL-Taif Province, Saudi Arabia. Taeckholmia 33(1):1-18

Wagenitz, G. 1984: Studies in the flora of Arabia: 7. Centaurea in the Arabian Peninsula. – Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 41: 457-466.

Wagenitz, G. 1986. Centaurea in South-West Asia: patterns of distribution and endemism, Hedge, I.C. (ed). Proc. of the Royal Soc. of Edinburgh. 89B: 11-21

Wagenitz, G.; Dittrich, M. & Damboldt, J. 1982. Centaurothamnus eine neue Gattung der Compositae-Cardueae aus Arabien. Candollea 37: 101-115.

Warfa, A. M. 1988: Cordia (Boraginaceae) in N.E. tropical Africa and tropical Arabia. – Acta Univ. Upsal. 174.

Warfa, A. M. 1990: Taxonomy and distribution of Cordia sinensis and C. nevillii (Boraginaceae), a widespread species pair in Africa and Asia. – Nordic J. Bot. 9: 649-656.

Waisel, Y. 1991. The glands of Tamarix aphylla: a system for salt secretion or for carbon concentration? Physiologia Plantarum 83: 506-510.

Willis, J.C. 1985. A Dictionary of the Flowering Plants and Ferns (Student edition), Cambridge.

Wood, J.R.I. 1982. The identity of Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf.. (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae). Kew Bull. 37: 451-454.

Wood, J.R.I. 1983. Eight new species and taxonomic notes on the Flora of Yemen, Kew Bull. 39(1): 123-139.

Wood, J.R.I. 1983. The Aloes of the Yemen Arab Republic. Kew Bull. 38: 13-31.

Wood, J.R.I. 1997. Flora of North Yemen.  Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, U.K.

Wickens, G.E. 1982. Studies in the flora of Arabia: III. A biographical index of plant collectors in the Arabian Peninsula (including Socotra). Notes on Royal Botanical Garden, Edinburgh 40: 301-330.

Yahya S Masrahi, M Remesh, Osama H Sayed. 2017. Enumeration of the flora of Wadi Lajab Saudi Arabia   Eco. Env. & Cons. 23 (1): 115-123.

Yahya, M.; Al-Turki, T.A. and Thomas, J. 2011.  Odyssea mucronata (Forssk.) Stapf, Sesbania sericea (Willd.) Link. and Sesamum alatum Thonn – new discoveries for the flora of Saudi Arabia. Turkish J. of Botany, 36: 39-48

Zmarzty, S. 1993. A reconsideration of Gypsophila series Deserticolae barkoudah (Caryophyllaceae) including G. capillaris (Forssk.) C.Chr. Kew Bull., 48(4): 683-697.

Zoghet, M.F. & Alsheikh, A.A. 1999. Wild plants in the Region of Riyadh, Academic publishing & Press, King Saud University, Riyadh. 234p.

Zohary, M. 1957. A contribution to the flora of Saudi Arabia. J. Linn. Soc. 55: 632-643.

Ahmed M. Abbas; Mohammed A. Al-Kahtani; Mohammad Y. Alfaifi; Serag Eldin I. Elbehairi and Mohamed O. Badry. 2020. Floristic Diversity and Phytogeography of Jabal Fayfa: A Subtropical Dry Zone, South-West Saudi Arabia. Diversity, 12(9), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/d12090345

Ahmed M. Abbas; Mohammed A. Al-Kahtani; Mohammad Y. Alfaifi; Serag Eldin I. Elbehairi and Mohamed O. Badry. 2020. Floristic Diversity and Phytogeography of Jabal Fayfa: A Subtropical Dry Zone, South-West Saudi Arabia. Diversity, 12(9), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/d12090345

Alfarhan, A.H. 1999. A phytogeographical analysis of the floristic elements in Saudi Arabia. Pak. J. of Bio. Sci., 2(3): 702-711.

Al Mutairi, K.; El-Bana, M.; Mansor, M.; Al-Rowaily, S. & Mansor, A 2012. Floristic Diversity, Composition, and Environmental Correlates on the Arid, Coralline Islands of the Farasan Archipelago, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. Arid Land Research and Management 26(2): 137-150

Al-Nafie, A., 2004. Plant Geography of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh (In Arabic).

Al-Nafie, A.H. 2004. Botanical Geography of Saudi Arabia. King Fahd National Library, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Al-Nafie, A.H. 2006. Rawdhat As-Sabalah- Study in biogeography and environmental protection. Saudi Geographical Society, King Saud University, Riyadh.

Al-Nafie, A.H. 2008. Phytogeography of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Science, 15 (1): 159-176.

Hassan, H.M. 1981. Saudi Arabia: Some of its floristic affinities with neighbouring areas. Part 1: Saudi Arabia and Egypt. Proc. Saudi Bio. Soc. 5: 169-206.

Hassan, H.M. 1981. Saudi Arabia: Some of its floristic affinities with neighbouring areas. Part 2: Relatioship with Sudan (including the Sudan-Egypt connections). Proc. Saudi Bio. Soc. 5: 207-237.

Hassan, H. M. 1989: Phytogeographical and floristic observations on the plants of Saudi Arabia, with reference to endangered, rare or extinct taxa. Wildlife Conservation and Development in Saudi Arabia. NCWCD Publication no. 3: 169-193.

Hassan, H.M. and Al-Hemaid, F.M. 1996. Composition, origin and migration trends of perennial vegetation in the Farasan Island (Red Sea, Saudi Arabia), Saudi Biological Society, 4: 5-15.

Kerfoot, O. 1961. Juniperus procera Endl. (The African Pencil Cedar) in Africa and Arabia. I. Taxonomic affinities and geographical distribution. E. Afr. Agric. For. J., 26: 170-177.

KÖnig, P. 1986. Zonation of vegetation in the mountainous region of southwestern Saudi Arabia. In Kurschner, H. (ed.) Contribution to the vegetation of Saudi Asia.Beih. Tubinger Atlas Vorderer-Orient Reihe A (Naturwiss.) 24: 137-166 Wiesbaden.

KÖnig, P. 1987. Vegetation und flore in sÜdwestlichen Saudi Arabia (Asir, Tihama). Dissert. Bot. Band 101. J. Kramer, Berlin, Stuttgart, pp 257 plus one map.

KÖnig, P. 1988. Phytogeography of south-western Saudi Arabia. Die Erde 119: 75-89.

Le Houérou, H. N. 2003. Bioclimatology and Phytogeography of the Red Sea and Aden Gulf Basins: A Monograph (with a Particular Reference to the Highland Evergreen Sclerophylls and Lowland Halophytes). Arid Land Research and Management 17: 177-256.

Mandaville, J.P. 1984. Studies in the flora of Arabia XI: Some historical and geographical aspects of a principal floristic frontier. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 42: 1-15.

Manighetti, I., Tapponnier, P., Courtillot, V., Gruszow, S., Gillot, P. 1997. Propagation of rifting along the Arabia–Somalia plate boundary: the Gulfs of Aden and Tadjoura. Journal of Geophysical Research 102: 2681–710

Masrahi, Y. S.; Al-Turki, T. A.; Sayed, O. H. 2012. Geographical distribution and chorology of grasses in the Arabian Peninsula. Flora 207(4): 250-256

Mcleary, J.A. 1968. Phytogeography. In: Saudi Arabia. Ed. Weiss, W. BLV, Kummerly and Frey, Bern.

Newton, L.E. 1980. Phytogeographical Associations of the succulent plant flora of south-west Arabia and the Horn of Africa. Nat. Cact. Succ. J. 35: 83-88.

Podlech, D. 1986. Taxonomic and phytogeographical problems in Astragalus of the Old World and South-West Asia, Proc. of the Royal Soc. of Edinburgh. 89B: 37-43.

Shawar, A. 1989. Geographical framework of the Red Sea and its group of islands. In: The Islands of the Red Sea. The Scientific Royal Society of Jordan, Arab Research Center and Research Institute of the Arabian Studies, ALESCO, Jeddah: pp. 160–195.

Thomas, J.; A.H. Alfarhan, A. H.; Ali, A., A.G. Miller, A.G. & L. Othman, L. 2008. An account on the eastern limits of Afro-Arabian plants in South Asia. Basic and Applied Dry Land Research 2:12-22.

Thomas, J.; Alfarhan, A.H.; Samraoui, B.; Sivadasan, M.; Bukhari, N.; Al-Atar, A.A. (2010) Floristic composition of the Farasan Archipelago in SE Red Sea and its affinities to phytogeographical regions. Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research 28(2): 79-90.

White, F. & Leonard, J. 1991. Phytogeographical links between Africa and southwest Asia. Flora et Vegetatio Mundi. 9. 229-246.

Whitney, J.W. Faulkender, D.J. & Rubin, M. 1983. The environment history and present condition of the Northern sand seas of Saudi Arabia. Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Jiddah, Saudi Arabia.

Wissmann, H. von 1937. Arabien. pp. 178-211. in Handbuch der Geographischen Wissenschaft, Band Vorder-und Sudasien. F. Klute, ed. Akademie-Verlag, Potsdam.

Youssef, A.M.; Al-Fredan, M.A. and Fathi, A.A. 2009. Floristic Composition of Lake Al-Asfar, Alahsa, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Botany, 5: 116-125.

Zohary, M. 1971. The phytogeographical foundations of the Middle East. Davis, P.H.; Harper, P.C. & Hedge, I.C. (eds). Plant life of South-West Asia, The Bot. Soc. Edinburgh.

Zohary, M. 1973. Geobotanical foundations of the Middle East. Gustav Fischer Verlag. Stuttgart. 2 Vols. P.729.

Al Harfi, H.; Alfarhan, A.H.; Al-Rasheid, K.; Thomas, J. 2009. Allergenic pollens of Saudi Arabian flora, Center of Excellence in Biodiversity Reseaerch, King Saud University, Riyadh.

Abdulrahman Al-Frayh, A.& Hasnain, S.M. 1999. Human sensitization to Prosopis juliflora antigen in Saudi Arabia, Annals of Saudi Medicine, 19(4): 331-336

Al-Frayh, A.; Harfi, H.A.; Hasnain, S.M.; Thorogood, R. and Wilson, J.D. 1988. A 12 month aerobiological survey of pollen in Riyadh, Ann. Saudi Medi. 9(5): 443-447.

Al-Frayh, A.; Hasnain, S.M.; Jawadi, T. and Al-Nahdi, M. 1989. Prevalence of Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis in Saudi Arabia, European Ann. of Allergy and Clinical Immun. Supp.: 5-16.

Al-Frayh, A.; Gad-el-Rab, M.O. and Al-Najjar, A. 1992. A comparative study of immediate skin test reactivity to inhalant allergens in asthmatic children of two regions in Saudi Arabia. Ann. Saudi Medi. 12: 468-471.

Al-Ghanium, W.M.I. (1994). Ecological, palynological and biogeographical studies on the genus Acacia  in Saudi Arabia. M.Sc. Thesis.  Dept. of Botany,Girls College of Education (Unpublished).

Al-Wadi, H.M. & Lashin, G.MA. 2007. Palynological and cytological characters of three species of genus Solanum (Familiy: Solanaceae) from Saudi Arabia. J. Bio. Sci. 7(4): 626-631.

Alwadie, H.M., 2008. Pollen morphology of six aquatic angiosperms from Saudi Arabia. Asian J. Biol. Sci., 1: 45-50

Alwadie, H.M. 2008.  Pollen Concentration in the Atmosphere of Abha City, Saudi Arabia and its Relationship with Meteorological Parameters, Journal of Applied Sciences 8(5): 842-847

Angeelini, G.; Vena, G.; Raffacle, F.; Caterina, F. and Mauro, G. 1991. Allergic contact dermititis from Capparis spinosa L. applied as wet compresses. Contact Dermitites 24(5): 382-383.

Bukhari, N.A. & Al-Shaya, N.A. 2007. Study of pollen Grains of Species of Resedaceae in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,   Saudi J . of Biological Sciences , 14 (12) 97-107.

Bukhari, N.A.W. 2009. Pollen morphology of some Plantago species native to Saudi Arabia and their taxonomic implication. Biological Diversity and Conservation 2/3: 1-6

Ferguson, I.K. 1985. The Pollen Morphology of Moringaceae,  Kew Bulletin 40 (1): 25-34

Hasnain, S.M.; Fatima, K. &  Al-Frayh, A. 2007. Prevalence of airborne allergenic Amaranthus viridis pollen in seven different regions of Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 2007; 27(4): 259-263.

Hasnain, S.M.; Fatima, K.; Al-Frayh, A. & Al-Sedainy, S. 2005. One-year pollen and spore calendars of Saudi Arabia Al-Khobar, Abha and Hofuf. Aerobiologia, 21: 241-247. 

Mugned, A.S.A. 2002. A study on pollen grains of some plants of southwestern Saudi Arabia. M.Sc. Thesis, Dept. of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah (Unpublished)

Praveen, A.; Al-Alawi, A.H. and Hussain, S.Z. 1989. A contribution to the palynological survey of the genus Convolvulus from south west Asia and Arabian Peninsula. Pak. Jour. Bot. 21(3): 197-209.

Ady, J.; Bawayan, H.; Dagestani, F.; Al-Janadi, A.; Al-hehani, S.; Al-Qawasmi, Z.; rashwan, A.; Al-Shahrani, W. Syed, M.M. & Joma, H. 1994. Jibal Qaraqir and Jibal Ad Dubbagh conservation and the development of eco-tourism in the land of Madyan.. Nature Reserves and recreation area, Report and Master plan with guidelines. Dept. of landscape architecture, school of environmental design, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz Univ., Jeddah for NCWCD, Saudi Arabia.

Aleem, A.A. 1990. Impact of human activity on marine habitats along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. Hydrobiologia 208(1-2): 7-15

Al-Farhan, A.; Al-Johani, A.; Al-sadoon, Q. & Sulayem, M. 1994. Possibility of releasing Gazelles in Mjami alHadb. unpublished report in Arabic. NCWCD, Riaydh, Saudi Arabia

Al-Walaie, A.N. 1989. Factors contributing to the degradation of the environment in central, eastern and northern Saudi Arabia. pp. 37-61 in Wildlife Conservation and devpt.in Saudi Arabia. Proc. of the first symp. NCWCD, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Basahi, M.A.; Thomas, J.; Al-Turki, T.A.; Alfarhan, A.H.; Al-Atar, A.A. & Sivadasan, M. 2010. Current status and conservation efforts of Centaurothamnus maximus Wagenitz & Ditrich (Asteraceae), an endemic, endangered species from Saudi Arabia. Plant Archives 10(2): 807-814

Böer, B. 1994. Status and recovery of the intertidal vegetation after the 1991 Gulf war oil spill, Courier Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg, 166: 22-26.

Böer, B. 1994. Status, environmental factors and recovery of the intertidal and terrestrial vegetation between Ras az-Zaur and Abu Ali Island after the Gulf War Oil Spill. In: Establishment of a Marine Habitat and Wildlife Sanctuary for the Gulf Region. Final report for phase II: 229-253. Jubail & Frankfurt, CEC/NCWCD.

Böer, B. 1996. Trial planting of mangroves (Avicennia marina) and salt-marsh plants (Salicornia europaea) in oil impacted soil in the Jubail area, Saudi Arabia. pp. 186-192. In: F. Krupp, A.H. Abuzinada and I.A. Nader (eds.). A marine wildlife sanctuary for the Arabian Gulf. Environmental research and conservation following the 1991 gulf war oil spill. NCWCD, Riyadh and Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt.

Child, G. 1989. Socio-economic influences on renewable resource conservation, development and use in Saudi Arabia. (Unpublished report). Riyadh: NCWCD.

Child, G. and Grainger, J. 1990. A System Plan for Protected Areas for Wildlife Conservation and Sustainable Rural Development in Saudi Arabia. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: NCWCD. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 335 pp.

Draz, O. 1969. The “Hema” system of range reserves in the Arabian Peninsula, its possibilities in range improvement and conservation projects in the East. FAO/PL: PFC/13.

Draz, O. 1979. Revival of Hema system of range reserves as a basis for the Syrian Range Development Programme, Proc. of the Ist Int. Range Congress, Denver, Colarado, 100-103.

Eighmy, J.L. and Ghane, Y.S. 1982. The Hema system: prospects for traditional subsistence systems in the Arabian Peninsula, Culture and Agriculture, 16: 10-15.

El-Juhany, L.I. 2009. Forest degradation and potential rehabilitation in Southwestern Saudi Arabia Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 3 (3): 2677-2696

Farraj, M.M. 1989. Disturbances and dangers operating on desert vegetation in Saudi Arabia in Abuzinada, A.; Goriup, P.D. & Nader, I.A. (eds)- Wildlife conservation and development in Saudi Arabia, Proc. First Symp., NCWCD, Publi. NO. 3: 164-168.

Fisher, M. 1997. Decline in the Juniper woodlands of Raydah Reserve in southwestern Saudi Arabia: a response to climate change? Global Ecology and Biogeography letters 6: 379-386.

Friedman, R. 1989. Grazing cattle can change the local climate. New Scientist. Sept. 1989.

Gari, L. 2006. A history of the hima conservation system. – Environment and History 12: 213-228.

Ghanem, Y. and Eighmy, J. 1984. Hima and traditional land use management among arid zone villages in Saudi Arabia. J. Arid. Env. 7: 287-297.

Ghazanfar, S. A. and Osborne, J. 2010. Conservation and through restoration: study of a degraded gravel plain in south eastern Arabia.  Pak. J. Bot., Special Issue (S.I. Ali Festschrift) 42: 193-204

Ghazanfar, S.A. Biogeography and Conservation in the Arabian Peninsula: A Present Perspective. Plants 2024, 13, 2091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ plants13152091

Gladstone, W. 2000. Ecological and social basis for management of a Red Sea marine protected area. Ocean and Coastal Management 43:1015–1032.

Grainger, J. and Ganadelly, A. 1984. Hemas: an investigation into a traditional conservation ethic in Saudi Arabia. J. Saudi Arabian nat. Hist. Soc. 2(6): 28-32. 

Khan, S; Al-Qurainy, F; Nadeem, M. 2012. Biotechnological approaches for conservation and improvement of rare and endangered plants of Saudi Arabia. Saudi J. of Biological Sciences 19(1): 1-11

Llewellyn, O. Saudi Arabia’s Revised Protected Area System Plan. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Saudi Wildlife Commission.

Hall, M.; Anthony G. Miller, A.G. 2011. Strategic requirements for plant conservation in the Arabian Peninsula Zoology in the Middle East, Supplementum 3: 169-182

Hall, M., Neale, S., Al-Abbasi, T.M. & Miller, A.G. 2010. Arabia’s Tallest Trees: Ecology, Distribution and Conservation Status of the Regionally Endangered Tree Species Mimusops laurifolia (Forssk.) Friis. Nordic Journal of Botany 28: 240-245

Hall, M.; Scholte, P., Al- Khulaidi, A.W.; Miller A.G.; Al-Qadasi, A.H.; Al-Farhan, A. H. & Al-Abbasi, A.M.  2009. Arabia’s last forests under threat i i : remaining fragments of unique valley forest in southwest arabia, Edinburgh Journal of Botany 66 (2): 263–281.

Hall, M.; Llewellyn, O.A.; Miller. A.G.; AL-Abbasi , T.M.;  AL-Wetaid, A.H.; AL-Harbi, R.J.  &  AL-Shammari, K.F.  (2010). Important plant areas in the Arabian Peninsula: 2 Farasan Archipelago. Edinburgh J. of Botany 7 (2): 189–208.

Hall, M., Al-Khulaidi, A.W., Miller, A.G., Scholte, P. & Al-Qadasi, A.H. 2008. Arabia’s Last Forests Under Threat: Plant Biodiversity and Conservation in the Valley Forest of Jabal Bura (Yemen). Edinburgh Journal of Botany 65: 113-135.  

Heady, H. F. 1963: Grazing resources and problems. A report to the government of Saudi Arabia. No. 1614. FAO. Rome.

Hiernaux, P.; Bielders, C.L.; Valentins, C.; Baiono, A. Fernadez-rivera, S.., 1999  Effects of  livestock grazing on physical and chemical properties of sandy soils in Sahelian rangelands, Journal of Arid Environments, 41: 231-245.

Kamel, H.B.; Al-Serhani, A. & Zeidan, D. 1989. Jibal Fiqrah Conservation study: Report and Master plan for a wildlife Reserve and country park with guidelines for development. Dept. of Landscape Architecture, School of Environmental Design, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Llewellyn, O.A. 1987. The Proposed Hima Jibal Al-Humrah, NCWCD, MEPA and Hajj Res. Center, Saudi Arabia (unpublished)

Mandura, A. S. & Khafaji, A. K. 1993. Human impact on the mangrove of Khor Farasan Island, southern Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. In: Leith,  H. & Al-Massom, A. (eds) Towards the Rational Use of High Salinity Tolerant Plants, Vol. 1, pp. 353–362. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Mcclure, H.A. 1978. Ar Rub’ al Khali. pp. 252-262. in Quaternary Period in Saudi Arabia 1. Sedimentological, Hydrological, Geomorphological, Geochronological and climatological investigations in Central and Eastern Saudi Arabia. Al-Sayari, S.S. & Zotl, J.G. (eds). Springer Verlag, Wien.

MEPA. 1987. The Red Sea: An Assessment of management requirements for the Saudi Arabian Red Sea coastal zone. MEPA coastal and marine management series Report #2. pp.91.

MEPA. 1987. The Arabian Gulf Saudi Arabia. An assessment of biotopes and management requirements for the Saudi Arabian Gulf coastal zone. MEPA Coastal and Marine management series, Report #3.

 MEPA and IUCN 1987. Red Sea and Arabian Gulf – Saudi Arabia: An assessment of national coastal zone management requirements. MEPA Coastal and Marine Management Series Report 7, pp 1–41.

MEPA & IUCN. 1989. Coastal and marine resources. In: Red Sea & Arabian gulf. Saudi Arabia: An assessment of National Coastal Zone Management Requirements. MEPA Coastal and Marine Management series. Report No. 7, 1989. MEPA, Saudi Arabia & IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Ministry of Agriculture and Water. 1989. Conservation of natural resources in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In: Wildlife conservation and development in Saudi Arabia. Proc. of the first symb., Riyadh Feb. 1987. NCWCD, Publi. #3: 10-17.

Mirreh, M. M. & Al-Darin M. S. 1986. The effect of three years protection on vegetation of Wadi Tamarial. Working Paper no. Tw-2. Range and Animal Development Research Centre Al-Jauf, Saudi Arabia 6 pp. (Mimeo).

Mirreh, M. 1989. Range damage and recovery. In. Prod. of the first NCWCD/IUCN workshop: Ecological imperatives for the conservation and sustainable use of the flora and fauna of Saudi Arabia. June 20-21, NCWCD, Riyadh.

Mirreh, M.M. 1995. Range damage and recovery in the Widyan of northern Saudi Arabia. pp. 155-162. in Range Management in Arid Zones. S.A.S. Omar, M.A. Razzaque & F. Alsdirawi eds. Kegan Paul International, London.

Mirreh, M.M. 1996. Studies on range management in northern Saudi Arabia. Range & Animal Development Research Center, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia.

National biodiversity strategy for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2001. NCWCD, Riyadh.

NCWCD (1987). Report on the NCWCD Extensive Field Survey of the Al’Arid/Uruq Bani Ma‘arid (8–15 December 1987). Protected Area Report no. 2, NCWCD.

NCWCD and JICA, 2006. The Management Plan for Conservation of Juniper Woodlands. The final report of the jointed study between National Commission for Wildlife, Conservation and Development (NCWCD) and Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA).

National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development (NCWCD). 1987. First Action Plan, Report, NCWCD, Riyadh.

National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development (NCWCD), 1996. Rub Al-Khali Desert – Home of ‘Uruq Bani Ma’rid Protected Area (Arabic), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development (NCWCD), 1996. Species Status and Conservation Strategy, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development (NCWCD), Edited by C. Tsagarakis, P. Seddon & Y. van Heezil, 1999. Wildlife Conservation in Saudi Arabia. The First Years 1986/98, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development (NCWCD) Edited by Othman Llewellyn, 2000. Draft of Revised Protected Area System Plan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development (NCWCD), Program of the Second International Conference of Economics and Conservation of Renewable Natural Resources in Arid Zones, 2000. Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development (NCWCD), Hunter’s Guide (Arabic), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Peacock, J. M.; Ferguson,  M. E.; Alhadrami, G. A.;McCann,  I. R.;  Al Hajoj,  A.; Saleh, A. & Karnik, R. 2003. Conservation through utilization: a case study of the indigenous forage grasses of the Arabian Peninsula  J. Arid Environments, 54 (1): 15-28

Presidency of Meteorology and Environment 2005. First National Communication. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, submitted to United Nations framework of Convention of Climate Change (UNFCCC).

Robertson, E.F. 1993. Camel Densities in the special Ibex Reserve at Hawtah Bani Tamim. Unpublished Report. King Khalid Wildlife Res. Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Sankary, M. N. 1978: Management a development of rangelands in Saudi Arabia. Alepo Univ. Press. Syria (in Arabic).

Sankary, M. N. 1978: Range management and development of Saudi Arabia rangelands. ASCAD. Damascus 138pp (in Arabic).

Species status and Conservation strategy, part one-Endangered, Vulnerable and Rare plant taxa in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (1998). NCWCD, Riyadh.

Seddon, P.J. 1996. Mahazat as-Sayd Protected area Master Management Plan. Unpublished Report. NCWCD, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Seddon, P.J. & Khan, A.B. 1996. At-Tubaiq Protected area Master Management Plan. NCWCD, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Seddon, P.J. & Khoja, A.R. 2003. Youth Attitudes to Wildlife, Protected Areas and Outdoor Recreation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 2(1): 67-75.

Sher, H, and Aldosari, A. 2012. Overview on the ecological and geographical appraisal of important medicinal and aromatic plants: An endangered component in the flora of Saudi Arabia.  Scientific Research and Essays  7(16): 1639-1646.

Shorbagi, A. 1996. List of MAW Fenced Range Areas in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Unpublished Report. Ministry of Agriculture and Water, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Yoshikawa, K. & Yamamoto, F. 1994. Ecological studies on the ‘die back’ phenomenon of Juniper forests in the mountainous areas of Asir, Saudi Arabia. Report to the NCWCD, Riyadh.

Zahran, M. A. & Younes, H. A. 1990: Hema system traditional conservation of plant life in Saudi Arabia. Bull. Fac. Sci. King Abdulaziz Univ. Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. 2: 19-41.

Zahran, M.A. 1975. Biogeography of mangrove vegetation along the Red Sea coast. pp. 45-51 in Proc. of the international symp. on the Biology and Management of Mangroves, Gainsville.

Adams, R.P.; Demeke, T. & Abulfatih, H.A. 1993. RAPD DNA fingerprints and terpenoids: clues to past migrations of Juniperus in Arabia adn East Africa. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 87: 22-26.

Amal Y. Aldhebiani; Mohamed Elhag and Amjaad A. Alshehri. 2021. Consideration of hyperspectral data in intraspecific variation (spectrotaxonomy) in Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC, Saudi Arabia. Open Geosciences, 13(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0231

Al-Turki, T. A., Filfilan, S. A.& Mehmood, S. F. 2000. A cytological study of flowering plants from Saudi Arabia. – Willdenowia 30: 339-358.

Al-Turki, T. A.; Mehmood, S. F. and. Filfilan, S. A. 1999b. lOPS Chromosome Data 15, lOPS Newsletter 31: 10.

Badr, A. & Gasim, A. 1992: Chromosomal studies on some plants in the flora of Madinah region. – J. King Abdul Aziz Univ. 4: 23-35.

Eldin Eid, S. 1977. Accessory chromosomes in members of Liliflorae in Saudi Arabia. Proc. Saudi Bio. Soc.: 68-73

Meister J., Kilian N. & Oberprieler C. 2008 [“2007”]: Genetic structure of Euclea schimperi (Ebenaceae) populations in monsoonal fog oases of the southern Arabian Peninsula. – Nordic J. Bot. 25: 217-226.

Al-Qurainy, F.; Khan, S.; Al-Hemaid, F.M.; Ajmal Ali, M. Tarroum, M. and  Ashraf, M. 2011. Assessing Molecular Signature for Some Potential Date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Cultivars from Saudi Arabia, Based on Chloroplast DNA Sequences rpoB and psbA-trnH. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12, 6871-6880.

Al-Qurainy, F. 2002. Comparative study between four date palm cultivars produced by tissue culture and offshoots origin by RAPD technology. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 13(1).

Hameed, M; Ashraf, M.; Naz, N.; Al-Qurainy, F. 2011. Anatomical adaptations of Cynodon dactylon L pers., from the salt range Pakistan, to salinity stress. I. root and stem anatomy Pak. J. Bot., 42(1): 279-289, 2010.

Al-Laboun, A.A. 1993. Lexicon of the Paleozoic and Lower Mesozoic of Saudi Arabia. Al-Hudud Publishers, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Braithwaite, C.J. 1987. Geology and palaeogeography of the Red Sea region. In: Key environments—Red Sea. A.J. Edwards and S.M. Head (Eds.), Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK. pp. 22-44.

Chiffings, T. (2003). Marine Region 11: Arabia Seas. A Global Representative System of Marine Protected Area (Accessed 12/1/04).

McClure, H. 1984. Late Quaternary Palaeo-Environments of the Rub’Al-Khali, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Coll. London.

Merrell A. Miller, M.A. & Al-Ruwaili, M.H. 2007. Preliminary palynological investigation of Saudi Arabian Upper Ordovician glacial sediments, Revue de micropal´eontologie 50: 17–26

Molyneux, S.G., Al-Hajri, S., 2000. Palynology of a problematic Lower Palaeozoic lithofacies in Central Saudi Arabia. In: Al-Hajri, S., Owens, B. (Eds.), Stratigraphic Palynology of the Palaeozoic of Saudi Arabia. Special GeoArabia Publication 1, Gulf PetroLink, Bahrain, pp. 18–41.

Privé-Gill, C.; Thomas, H. & Lebret, P. 1999. Fossil wood of Sindora (Leguminosae, Caesalpiniaceae) from the Oligo-Miocene of Saudi Arabia: paleobiogeographical considerations  Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 107 (3-4): 191-199

Steemans, P.; Wellman, C.H. &  Filatoff, J.2007. Palaeophytogeographical and palaeoecological implications of a miospore assemblage of earliest Devonian (Lochkovian) age from Saudi Arabia Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 250 (1-4) 237-254.

Whybrow, P.J. & McClure, H.A. 1981. Fossil mangrove roots and palaeoenvironment of the Miocene of the eastern Arabian Peninsula. Paleogeography, Palaeoclimatology and Palaeoecology 32: 213-225.

Aaklabi, A.; Arif, I.A.; Bafeel, S.O.; Alfarhan, A.H.; Ahamed, A.; Thomas, J.  and Bakir, M. A. 2014.  Nucleotide based validation of the endangered plant Diospyros mespiliformis (Ebenaceae) by evaluating short sequence region of plastid rbcL gene.  Plant Omics Journal 7(2):102-107.

Arif, I.A.; Bakir, M.A.; Khan, H.A.; Alfarhan, A.H.; Al Homaidan, A.A.; Bahkali, A.H.; Al Sadoon, M.  and Shobrak, M. 2010. A brief review of molecular techniques to assess plant diversity. Int. J. Mol. Sci.11: 2079-2096.

Al-Qurainy, F.; Alameri, AA ; Khan, S. 2010. RAPD profile for the assessment of genotoxicity on a medicinal plant; Eruca sativa. J. of Medicinal plants research. 4(7): 579-586.

Al-Qurainy, F,; Khan, S.; Nadeem, M.; Tarroum, M. ; Al-Ameri, A. 2014. Selection of DNA barcoding loci and phylogenetic study of a medicinal and endemic plant, Plectranthus asirensis JRI Wood from Saudi Arabia. Genetics and molecular research 13(3): 6184-6190.

Alaklabi, A.; Arif, I.; Bafeel, S.; Khan, H. Alfarhan, A.; Ahamed, A. Thomas, J. and Bakir. M. 2012. Characterization of regionally endangered tree species Mimusops laurifolia (Forssk.) Friis by rbcL gene sequence and RAPD profile, International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol.4 (3): 29-37.

Bafeel, S.O.; Alaklabi, A.; Arif, I.A.; Khan, H.A.; Alfarhan, A.H.; Ahamad, A.; Thomas, J.; Bakir, M.A. 2012. Ribulose-1, 5-biphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) gene sequence and random amplification of polymorphic DNA  (RAPD) profile of regionally endangered tree species Copteosperma graveolens ssp. arabicum (S.Moore) Degreef. Plant Omics Journal 5(3): 285-290.

Khan, S.; Mirza, K.J.; Abdin, M.Z. 2011. DNA fingerprinting for the authentication of Ruta graveolens. African J. of Biotechnology 10(44): 8709-8715.

Khan, S; Al-Qurainy, F; Nadeem, M; Tarroum, M. 2012. Development of genetic markers for Ochradenus arabicus (Resedaceae), an endemic medicinal plant of Saudi Arabia . Genetics and Molecular Research. 11(2): 1300-1308.

Khan, S.; Al-Qurainy, F .; Nadeem, M.; Tarroum, M. 2013. Selection of chloroplast DNA markers for the development of DNA barcode and reconstruction of Senecio asirensis Boulos and J.R.I. Wood. Pak. J. Bot., 45(2): 703-710    

Al-Qurainy, F; Khan, S; Al-Hemaid, F.M.; Ali, MA; Tarroum, M.; Ashraf, M. 2011. Assessing Molecular Signature for Some Potential Date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Cultivars from Saudi Arabia, Based on Chloroplast DNA Sequences rpoB and psbA-trnH. International J. of Molecular  Sciences 12(10): 6871-6880.

Khan, S.; Mirza, K.J.; Al-Qurainy, F; Abdin, M.Z.  2011. Authentication of the medicinal plant Senna angustifolia by RAPD profiling. Saudi J. of Biological Sciences. 18(3): 287-292.

Abdel-Aziz, M. H. and Abohassan, A.A. (1982).  Effect of drip irrigation on root development of newly planted trees.  J. Coll. Agric. King Saud     Univ. 4: 91-104.

Abdel-Hafez, T. and Abohassan, A. A. (1979). Some environmental factors affecting crop production in some Arab countries. Proc. 2nd     Arab Conf. for Food Science and Technology, Riyadh Univ., pp. 19-24.

Al-Qurainy, F. 2009. Effects of sodium azide on growth and yield traits of Eruca sativa (L.). World Applied Science Journal, 7 (2), 220-22.

Al Qurainy, F.; Nadeem, M; Khan, S.; Alansi, S ; Tarroum, M. 2013 Efficient regeneration of a potential medicinal plant Ochradenus baccatus Del. From cotyledon and shoot axis. Pak. J. Botany, 45 (2): 501-505.  

Al-Jebrin A, Sawaya WN, Salji JP, Ayaz M, Khalil J 1985. Chemical composition and Nutritional quality of some Saudi Arabian dishes based on cereals and legumes (1. Proximate composition, amino acid contents and nutritive value) Ecol. Food Nutr.. 17: 154-164.

Al-Turki, T. A.; Masrahi,Y. S.; Sayed, O. H 2014. Photosynthetic adaptation of Euphorbia fractiflexa (Euphorbiaceae) and survival in arid regions of the Arabian Peninsula. Journal of plant interactions   9 (1): 107-111.  

Bach, M. A., Abohassan, A. A., Saad, F. A. and El-Hammady, A. M.     (1982). Evaluation of twenty European grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera,L)   grown in Riyadh area. J. Coll. Agric. King Saud Univ. 4: 43-51.  

Basha, M. A. and Abohassan, A. A. (1980). Effect of FEEDDHA on yield     and quality and mineral composition of the leaves of Teafi and Des     El-Anz grape cultivars. J. Agric. Tanta Univ. 6(1).

Basha, M. A. and Abohassan, A. A. (1982). Effect of soil fertilization on     yield, fruit quality and mineral content of Khudari date palm variety.     Proc. 1st Symposium on the Date Palm, Coll. Agric. Sci. and Food, King     Faisal Univ., Al-Hassa. pp. 174-180.

Habib, M. M. and Abohassan A. A. (1984). Effect of water deficit on yield and yield components of Atriplex spp . J. Coll. Agric. King Saud     University.

Hussain MA, Basahy AY 1998. Nutrient composition and amino acid pattern of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp, Fabaceae) grown in the Gizan area of Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 49: 117-124.

Khan, S.; Al-Qurainy, F. 2009. Mutagenic Effect of Sodium Azide on Seed Germination of Eruca sativa (L.) Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,  3(4): 3081-3087.

Mashhady, A. S., Fahmy, M. I. and Abohassan, A. A. (1982). Hydraulic characteristics of certain conditioners and their effect on plant     growth. J. Coll. Agric. King Saud Univ. 4: 129-138.

Masrahi, Y. S.; Al-Yemeni, M. N.; Al-Turki, T. A. 2011. Ecophysiological mechanisms of succulent survival in natural conditions: photosynthetic carbon fixation in Caralluma acutangula (Decne.) Nebr. (Asclepiadaceae). Polish J. of Ecology. 59(3): 437-442

Schuster, A., Burghardt, M., Alfarhan, A., Bueno, A., Hedrich, R., Leide, J., Thomas, J. and Riederer, M. 2016. Effectiveness of cuticular transpiration barriers in a desert plant at controlling water loss at high temperatures. AoB PLANTS. 8:plw027; doi:10.1093/aobpla/plw027.