Jabal Fayfa
Fayfa Mountain (‘Jabal Fayfa’, 170 14` N – 430 05` E) in Jazan Province is one of the important plant diversity centers of the southwestern Saudi Arabia. It is characterized by a mosaic environment and possesses a relatively rich and diverse flora. These undulating mountains range in elevation from 900 m (Al-Ghardha) to about 2000 m (Al-Abseeya) and extend over several kilometers along a roughly north-south axis. On the southern side, these mountains join the mountains of Yemen and on the north with the mountains of Bani Malik. To the west of these mountains lie the Tihama coastal plains, an arid land with sparse vegetation. Compared to the eastern side, the west facing slopes of the mountains are steep and are characterized by dense vegetation. The eastern slopes are the rain shadow regions and are less species rich.
Fayfa Mountains is not a single steep escarpment but a series of mountain ranges cut by deep valleys. The hillocks on the outer side of the mountain range are less than 700 m high. The vegetation on these hillocks is somewhat sparse and in a highly degraded state due to heavy grazing and flash-floods. Further east, the region has another set of mountains with altitudes ranging from 800-1200m. Top soil in this part is also highly altered as it eroded away in heavy rains. Vegetation in these mountains is not strikingly rich. Yet, scattered and occasionally dense vegetation can be seen on open and eroded slopes of the escarpment. The interior part of the escarpments is somewhat steep with an average height of about 2000m.
The mountains of Fayfa harbor a rich flora that is more or less similar to that of Yemen and nearby countries in Africa such as Ethiopia, Eritrea, etc. The west facing slopes, which benefit from constant moisture-laden breezes from the Red Sea hold several micro hotspots and sustain a number of endemics and several endangered species; these include a few remaining stands of the vulnerable species such as Dracaena ombet, Dorstenia foetida, Ceropegia spp., etc.
Jabal Fayfa is differentiated into a spectrum of climatic zones, each with a distinct vegetation cover. The vegetation of the foothills is rather sparse and highly degraded due to heavy grazing and flash floods. Further east, the area is thrown into a set of mountains with altitudes ranging from 800 to 1200 m. Although the flora in these areas is not strikingly rich, occasional dense vegetation is not uncommon on open and eroded slopes of the escarpments. The interior of the escarpment is somewhat steep. Dominant members of the vegetation between 1500-2000 m include: Juniperus procera, Ficus sycomorus, Acacia mellifera, A. seyal, Euclea schimperi and Carissa edulis.
The entire Fayfa Mountain range is divided into three regions, i.e. low lying mountains (up to 1000m), high altitude wadis and escarpments. The vegetation of the low lying areas is dominated by Acacia etbaica along with occasional trees of A. mellifera and A. asak. Commiphora spp. and Acacia ehrenbergiana are the main components of the hills below 500-900m. Other trees such as A. abyssinica, Combretum molle, Tichellia emetica, Tamarindus indica, Ziziphus spina-christi, Dobera glabra, Mimusops laurifolia and Delonix elata are also dominant but in small restricted localities of the west facing slopes.
In the Acacia-Commiphora bushland, which is dominating in the low altitude, several species of shrubs are also found in great abundance. Adenium arabicum, Anisotes trisulcus, Grewia tembensis, Maerua oblongifolia, Acalypha fruticosa are some of them. Majority of abandoned agricultural terraces possess secondary vegetation. Important plants of this group include: Solanum schimperianum, Clutia lanceolata, Solanum incanum, Ricinus communis, Commiphora spp., Carissa edulis, Otostegia fruticosa, Rumex nervosus, etc. Herbaceous flora includes Evolvulus alsinoides, Anagallis arvensis, Chenopodium spp., Conyza stricta, Pennisetum setaceum, Themeda triandra. Agricultural terrace walls also possess a distinctive flora of their own. The most common plants of this category are Campanula edulis, Micromeria imbricate, Reichardia tingitana, Asplenium aethiopicum, Conzya pyrrhopappa, Nepeta deflersiana, etc.
Vegetation of high altitude (c. 2000m) areas is in a highly degraded state due to urbanization. However, patches of vegetation dominated by trees such as Juniperus procera, Olea europaea, Ficus sycomorus, Dracaena ombet, etc can be found in certain localities. In addition to the tree components, shrubs and woody herbs are also widely distributed along the escarpments. These include: Otostegia fruticosa, Psiadia punctulata, Teucrium yemense, Tagetus minuta, Dodonaea angustifolia, Pluchea dioscoridis, Pulicaria schimperi, Plectranthus asirensis, etc and grasses such as Themeda triandra, Hyparrhenia hirta, Tetrapogon villosus, Sporobolus nervosus and Rhynchelytrum repens. Dense vegetation is virtually absent in the entire east facing slopes. However, succulent shrubs such as Aloe spp. Euphorbia spp., etc. can be found in most of the areas along with Acacia asak and occasionally Moringa peregrina trees
537 species of vascular plants have been recorded from the area, which represents about 24% of the total collections so far recorded from the entire floristic region of Saudi Arabia. Unlike the flora of other regions of Saudi Arabia where the majority is represented by annuals, two-thirds of the flora of the Jabal Fayfa is represented by perennials. Fabaceae is the largest family with 51 species followed by Poaceae and Asteraceae with 47 and 46 species, respectively. (Courtesy- A prelude to the study of the flora of Jabal Fayfa in Saudi Arabia by Dr. T.A. Al-Turki)
Species recorded from Jabal Fayfa
Endemic-endangered (^); non-endemic-endangered (#); endemic not endangered (+).
Actinopteridaceae
Actinopteris radiata (Swartz)
Actinopteris semiflabellata Pichi-Sermoli
Adiantaceae
Adiantum capillus-veneris L.
Adiantum incisum Forssk.
Cheilanthus coriacea Decne.
Cheilanthes pteridioides (Reichards) C. Chr.
Cosentina vellea (Ait.) Tod.
Aspleniaceae
Asplenium aethiopicum (Burm.f.) Becherer
Asplenium officinarum L
Dryopteridaceae
# Hypodematium crenatum (Forssk.) Kuhn
Selaginellaceae
Selaginella imbricata (Forssk.) Spring
Selaginella yemensis (Swartz) Spring
Gymnosperms
Cupressaceae
Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endl.
Dicotyledons
Acanthaceae
+ Anisotes trisulcus (Forssk.) Nees
Barleria acanthoides Vahl
+ Barleria bispinosa (Forssk.) Vahl
# Barleria prionitis L. ssp. appressa (Forssk.) Brummitt & J.R.I. Wood.
+ Barleria trispinosa (Forssk.) Vahl
Blepharis ciliaris (L.) B.L. Burtt
# Blepharis madraspatensis (L.) Heyne ex Roth.
Crossandra johanninae Fiori
Ecbolium viride (Forssk.) Alston
Hypoestes forskalei (Vahl) Soland. ex Roem & Schult.
Justicia caerulea Forssk.
Justicia flava (Vahl) Vahl
# Monechma debile (Forssk.) Nees
Peristrophe paniculata (Forssk.) Brummit
# Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet.
Ruellia patula Jacq.
Ruellia prostrata T. Anderson
Aizoaceae
Corbichonia decumbens (Forssk.) Exell
Gisekia pharnaceoides L.
Glinus lotoides L.
Mollugo cerviana (L.) Seringe.
Trianthema crystallina (Forssk.) Vahl
Zaleya pentandra (L.) C. Jeffrey
Amaranthaceae
Achyranthes aspera L. var. aspera
Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult.
Aerva lanata (L.) A. Juss. ex. Schults
Alternanthera pungens Kunth.
Amaranthus graecizans L. ssp. sylvestris (Vill.) Brenan
Amaranthus hybridus ssp. hybridus L.
Amaranthus spinosus L.
Amaranthus viridis L.
# Celosia trigyna L.
Digera muricata (L.) Mart.
Pupalia lappacea (L.) A. Juss.
Anacardiaceae
Rhus abyssinica Hochst. ex Oliv.
* Rhus retinorrhaea Steud. ex Oliv.
Schinus molle L.
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi
Annonaceae
# Annona squamosa L.
Apiaceae
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
Pimpinella eriocarpa Banks et Sol.
Pimpinella hirtella (Hochst.) A. Rich.
Pimpinella peregrina L.
Pimpinella schweinfurthii Asch.
Torilis arvensis L.
Apocynaceae
Acokanthera schimperi (A. DC.) Benth.
+ Adenium arabicum Balf.f.
Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl.
Asclepiadaceae
# Angolluma deflersiana (Lavr.) Plowes
# Angolluma eremastrum (Swartz) Plowes.
Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton
# Ceropegia arabica Huber var. arabica
+ Ceropegia aristolochioides Decne. ssp deflersiana Bruyns
Cynanchum gerrardii (Harvey) Liede
Desmidorchis retrospiciens (Forssk.) Plowes
Gomphocarpus sinaicus Boiss.
Kanahia laniflora (Forssk.) R.Br.
Leptadenia arborea (Forssk.) Schweinf.
Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne.
Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov.
Periploca somaliensis Browicz
+ Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br. ssp. stipitaceum (Forssk.) Meve & Liede
Asteraceae
* Artemisia abysinthium L.
Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff.
Bidens pilosa L.
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq.
Conyza hochstetteri Sch.-Bip. ex A. Rich.
Conyza incana (Vahl) Willd.
Conyza pyrrhopappa Sch.-Bip. ex A. Rich.
Conyza stricta Willd.
Crepis ruepellii Sch.-Bip.
Dichrocephala chrysanthemifolia (Blume) DC.
* + Echinops erinaceus Kit Tan
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.
Felicia dentata (A.Rich.) Dandy
Filago pyramidata L.
Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.) Mohr.
Gnaphalium luteo-album L.
Helichrysum glumaceum DC.
Kleinia anteuphorbium (L.) DC.
# Kleinia pendula (Forssk.) DC.
Lactuca dissecta D. Don
Lactuca inermis Forssk.
Lactuca serriola L.
Launaea intybacea (Jacq.) Beauverd
Launaea massauensis (Fresen.) Sch.-Bip. ex Kuntze
Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal
Phagnalon schweinfurthii Sch.-Bip. var. androssovii (B. Fedtsch.) Qaiser & Lack.
Phagnalon stenolepis Chiov.
Picris cyanocarpa Boiss.
Pluchea dioscoridis DC.
Psiadia punctulata (DC.) Vatke
Pulicaria undulata (L.) C.A. Mey
Pulicaria petiolaris Jaub. & Spach.
Pulicaria schimperi DC.
Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth var. arabica (Hochst. & Steud.) Asch. & Schweinf.
+ Senecio asirensis Boulos & Wood
Senecio bojeri DC.
Senecio hadiensis Forssk.
# Senecio lyratus Forssk.
Sonchus oleraceus L.
Sonchus saudensis Boulos
* Sonchus tenerrimus L.
Tagetes minuta L.
Tridax procumbens L.
Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.
Vernonia cinerascens Sch.-Bip
Vernonia schimperi Sch.-Bip
Boraginaceae
Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss.
Arnebia hispidissima (Lehm.) DC.
# Cordia africana Lam.
Cynoglossum bottae Deflers
Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk.
# Ehretia abyssinica R.Br. ex Fresen.
# * Ehretia obtusifolia Hochst.
Heliotropium longiflorum Hochst. & Steudel
Heliotropium pterocarpum (DC.) Steud. & Hochst. ex. Bunge
Heliotropium strigosum Willd.
Heliotropium subulatum (DC.) Vatke
Brassicaceae
Arabis alpina L.
# Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.
Erucastrum arabicum Fisher & C. Meyer
Lepidium africanum (Burm.f.) DC.
# Lepidium bonariense L.
Sisymbrium erysimoides Desf.
Sisymbrium irio L.
Sisymbrium orientale L.
Burseraceae
Commiphora habessinica (O. Berg.) Engl.
Commiphora kataf (Forssk.) Engl.
Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl.
Commiphora quadricinta Schweinf.
Cactaceae
Opuntia dillenii (Ker-Gawl.) Haw.
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller
Celastraceae
Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. Ex Endl.
Maytenus arbutifolia (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Wilczek.
Maytenus forsskaoliana Sebsebe
Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell.
Maytenus sidamoensis (Sebsebe) S. Abedin
Caesalpiniaceae
# Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene
Delonix elata (L.) Gamble.
# * Pterolobium stellatum (Forssk.) Brenan
Senna alexandrina Mill.
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link.
Tamarindus indica L.
Campanulaceae
Campanula edulis Forssk.
Capparaceae
Capparis sinaica Veill.
Cleome gynandra L.
Cleome scaposa DC.
Cleome viscosa L.
Maerua crassifolia Forssk.
Maerua oblongifolia (Forssk.) A. Rich.
# Maerua triphylla A. Rich. var. calophylla (Gilg)De Wolf.
Caryophyllaceae
Cerastium glomeratum Thuill
# Pollichia campestris Ait.
Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L.
# Silene apetala Willd.
Silene schweinfurthii Rohrb.
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium album L.
Chenopodium ambrosioides L.
Chenopodium carinatum R.Br.
Chenopodium fasciculosum Aellen
Chenopodium murale L.
* Chenopodium schraderianum Schult.
Combretaceae
* Combretum molle R.Br. ex G. Don.
Terminalia brownii Fresen.
Convolvulaceae
# Astripomoea malvacea (Klotzsch) Meeuse
Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.
Ipomoea eriocarpa R.Br.
Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker.-Gawl.
Ipomoea sinensis ssp. sinensis (Desv.) Choisy
Seddera arabica (Forssk.) Choisy
Crassulaceae
Crassula alba Forssk.
Crassula schimperi C.A. Mey
Kalanchoe alternans (Vahl) Pers
Kalanchoe citrina Schweinf.
Kalanchoe crenata (Andrews) Haw.
Kalanchoe deficiens (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf.
Kalanchoe glaucescens Britten
# Kalanchoe laciniata (L.) DC.
Kalanchoe lanceolata (Forssk.) Pers.
Cucurbitaceae
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt
Corallocarpus epigaeus (Rottler) Hook. F. ex C.B. Clarke
Cucumis dipsaceus Spach.
Cucumis melo L.
Cucumis prophetarum L.
Cucumis pustulatus Hook.f.
Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn.
Momordica balsamina L.
Ebenaceae
# Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex DC.
* Euclea schimperi (DC.) Dandy.
Euphorbiaceae
Acalypha ciliata Forssk.
Acalypha fruticosa var. villosa Pax ex. Hutch.
Acalypha indica L.
Acalypha racemosa Wall. ex Baill
Chrozophora oblongifolia (Delile) Spreng.
Clutia lanceolata Forssk.
# Croton lobatus L.
Dalechampia scandens L. var. cordofana (Webb) Muell.-Arg.
# Erythrococca abyssinica Pax
Euphorbia ammak Schweinf.
Euphorbia cactus Ehrenb. ex Boiss.
Euphorbia granulata Forssk.
Euphorbia hirta L.
Euphorbia hypericifolia L.
# Euphorbia inaequilatera Sond.
Euphorbia inarticulata Schweinf.
Euphorbia schimperiana Scheele
Euphorbia triaculeata Forssk.
Jatropha curcas L.
Jatropha glauca Vahl
Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L.
Phyllanthus rotundifolius Willd.
Phyllanthus nummularifolius Poir.
Ricinus communis L.
Tragia pungens (Forssk.) Muell.-Arg.
Flacourtiaceae
# Oncoba spinosa Forssk.
Gentianaceae
Centaurium mairei Zeltner
Enicostemma axillare (Lam.) A. Raynal
Geraniaceae
Geranium biuncinatum Kokwaro
Geranium mascatense Boiss.
Pelargonium multibracteatum Hochst ex A. Rich.
Hypericaceae
# Hypericum annulatum Moris
Lamiaceae
Endostemon tereticaulis (Poir.) Ashby
# Lavandula atriplicifolia Benth.
Lavandula coronopifolia Poir.
Lavandula pubescens Decne.
Leucas alba (Forssk.) Sebald.
Leucas martinicensis R.Br.
Leucas urticifolia (Vahl) R.Br.
Micromeria abyssinica Benth.
Micromeria imbricata (Forssk.) O. Chr.
Ocimum americanum L.
Ocimum filamentosum Forssk.
Ocimum forskolei Benth.
Ocimum serpyllifolium Forssk.
Orthosiphon pallidus Royle ex Benth.
Orthosiphon thymiflorus (Roth) Sleesen
Otostegia fruticosa ssp. schimperi (Benth.) Sebald
# Plectranthus arabicus E.A. Bruce.
Plectranthus asirensis J.R.I. Wood
Teucrium yemense Defl.
Lauraceae
Cassytha filiformis L.
Linaceae
Linum corymbulosum Reich.
* Linum trigynum L.
Loganiaceae
Nuxia oppositifolia (Hochst.) Benth.
Loranthaceae
* Phragmanthera austroarabica A.G. Miller
* Tapinanthus globiferus (A. Rich.) Tiegh.
Lythraceae
Lawsonia inermis L.
Malvaceae
Abutilon bidentatum A. Rich.
Abutilon fruticosum Guill. & Perr.
Abutilon muticum (Del. ex DC.) Sw.
# Abutilon ramosum Guill. & Perr.
# Gossypium hirsutum L.
Hibiscus aponeurus Sprague & Hutch
Hibiscus aristaevalvis Garcke
# Hibiscus calyphyllus Cav.
Hibiscus deflersii Schweinf. ex Cufod.
Hibiscus micranthus L.f.
Hibiscus meidiensis Ulbr.
Hibiscus vitifolius L.
Pavonia burchellii (DC.) R.A. Dyer
Pavonia procumbens (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Wallp.
Sida alba L.
Sida alii S. Abedin
Sida ovata Forssk.
Meliaceae
Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
Melia azedarach L.
Trichilia emetica Vahl
Mimosaceae
Acacia abyssinica Hochst.
Acacia asak (Forssk.) Willd.
Acacia ehrenbergiana Hayne
Acacia etbaica Schweinf.
Acacia gerrardii Benth.
Acacia hamulosa Benth.
Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth
Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf.
* Acacia origena Asfaw
Acacia seyal Del.
Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn.
Moraceae
Dorstenia foetida (Forssk.) Schweinf.
Ficus cordata ssp. salicifolia (Vahl) C.C. Berg.
* Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq.
Ficus palmata Forssk.
Ficus sycomorus L.
* Ficus vasta Forssk.
Myrsinaceae
# Myrsine africana L.
Nyctaginaceae
Boerhavia diffusa L.
Boerhavia repens L.
* # Commicarpus ambiguus Meikle
Commicarpus arabicus Meikle
Commicarpus grandiflorus (A. Rich.) Standeley
Commicarpus helenae (Roem.&Schultes) Meikle
# Commicarpus mistus Thulin
Commicarpus plumbagineus (Cav.) Standley
Oleaceae
Jasminum grandiflorum L.
* Olea europaea L. ssp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G. Don) Ciferri
Orobanchaceae
Orobanche ramosa L.
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis corniculata L.
Papaveraceae
Argemone mexicana L.
Papilionaceae
Abrus bottae Defl.
# Abrus precatorius L.
Argyrolobium arabicum (Decne.) Jaub. & Spach
Astragalus atropilosulus (Hochst.) Bunge
Astragalus fatmensis (Hochst.) ex Chiov
Astragalus vogelii (Webb.) Bornm.
Crotalaria incana L.
Crotalaria pycnostachya Benth.
# Crotalaria quartiniana A. Rich.
# Crotalaria senegalensis (Pers.) DC.
# Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC.
Dolichos trilobus L.
Glycine wightii ssp. wightii var. longicauda (Schweinf.) Verd.
Indigofera amorphoides Jaub. & Spach
Indigofera arabica Jaub. & Spach
Indigofera arrecta Hochst. ex A. Rich.
Indigofera articulata Gouan
Indigofera caerulea var. occidentalis Gillet & Ali
Indigofera colutea (Burm.f.)Merr.
Indigofera hochstetteri Baker
Indigofera oblongifolia Forssk.
Indigofera spicata Forssk.
Indigofera spinosa Forssk.
Indigofera tinctoria L.
Indigofera trita L.f. var. maffeii (Chiov.) Ali
Indigofera volkensii Taub.
Lablab purpureus (L.) Sw.
^ Lotus arabicus L.
Lotus gebelia Vent.
Lotus halophilus L.
Macrotyloma axillare (E. Mey) Verdc. var. axillare
Medicago lupulina L.
* Melilotus alba Medic.
* Melilotus indica (L.) All.
* Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall.
Phaseolus lunatus L.
Rhynchosia buramensis Hutch. & Bruce
Rhynchosia pulverulenta Stocks.
Rhynchosia totta (Thunb.) DC.
Syn.: Glycine totta Thunb.
^ Rhynchosia variegata (Defl.) Wood.
Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.
# Stylosanthes fruticosa (Retz.) Alston
Tephrosia pumila (Lam.) Pers.
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. ssp. apollinea (Del.) Hosni & El Karemy
# Tephrosia subtriflora Hochst. ex Bak.
Tephrosia uniflora Pers. ssp. petrosa (Blatt. & Hallib.) C.J.B.Gillett & Ali
Teramnus labialis (L.f.) Spreng. ssp arabicus Verdc.
Teramnus repens ssp. gracilis (Chiov.) Verdc.
Vermifrux abyssinica (A. Rich.) Gillett
Vigna ambacensis Welw. ex Bak.
Vigna membranacea A.Rich.
Plumbaginaceae
* # Plumbago zeylanica L.
Polygalaceae
Polygala abyssinica R.Br. ex Fresen.
Polygala erioptera DC.
Polygala senensis Klotzsch.
Polygala tinctoria Vahl
Polygonaceae
Emex spinosa (L.) Campd.
Oxygonum sinuatum (Meisn.) Dammer
Rumex nervosus Vahl
Rumex steudelii Hochst. ex A. Rich.
Portulacaceae
Portulaca oleracea L.
Portulaca quadrifida L.
Talinum portulacifolium (Forssk.) Asch.
Primulaceae
Anagallis arvensis L.
Ranunculaceae
Clematis hirsuta Guill & Perr.
Resedaceae
Ochradenus baccatus Del.
+ Reseda sphenocleoides Defl.
Rhamnaceae
Berchemia discolor (Klotzch)Hemsl.
Sageretia thea (Osbeck) Johnst.
Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd.
Rosaceae
Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb.
Prunus communis (L.) Arc.
Rosa abyssinica Lindley
Rubiaceae
Coffea arabica L.
Kohautia aspera (Heyne ex Roth) Bremekamp
Kohautia caespitosa Schnitzl.
Oldenlandia capensis L.f. var. capensis
# Oldenlandia corymbosa L.
Pavetta longiflora Vahl
Pentas lanceolata (Forssk.) Deflers.
Psydrax schimperiana (Rich.) Bridson
Pyrostria phyllanthoidea (Baill.) Bridson
Tarenna graveolens ssp. arabica (Cuf.) Bridson
Salvadoraceae
Dobera glabra (Forssk.) Juss. ex Poir.
Salvadora persica L.
Sapotaceae
# Mimusops laurifolia (Forssk.) Friis
Scropulariaceae
* Antirrhinum orontium L.
+ Anarrhinum forskalii (J.F. Gmel.) Cufod.
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell.
Craterostigma pumilum Hochst.
Kickxia hastata (R.Br.) Dandy
Lindenbergia indica (L.) Kuntze
Schweinfurthia pterosperma A. Braun.
Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth.
Verbascum bottae (Deflers) Huber-Mor.
Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.
* Veronica polita Fries
V. didyma auct, non Ten.
Solanaceae
Datura metel L
Nicotiana tabacum L.
Physalis minima L.
Solanum forskalii Dunal
Solanum glabratum Dunal.
Solanum incanum L. var. incanum
Solanum nigrum L.
Solanum schimperianum Hochst. ex Dun
Solanum surattense Burm.f.
Solanum villosum (L.) Mill.
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal
Sterculiaceae
Melhania acuminata Mast.
Melhania incana Heyne
# Melhania velutina Forssk.
# Waltheria indica L.
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bge.
Tiliaceae
Corchorus depressus (L.) Christ.
Corchorus tridens L.
Corchorus trilocularis L.
Grewia mollis Juss.
Grewia tembensis Fresen
*Grewia trichocarpa Hochst ex A. Rich
Grewia velutina (Forssk.) Vahl
Grewia villosa Willd.
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Verbenaceae
Chascanum marrubifolium Fenzl ex Walp.
Lantana camara L.
Lantana petitiana A. Rich.
Lantana viburnoides (Forssk.) Vahl
Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene.
Premna resinosa (Hochst.) Schau.
Priva cordifolia (L.f.) Druce
Ulmaceae
* Celtis africana Burm.f
* # Trema orientalis (L.) Bl.
Urticaceae
Forsskaolea tenacissima L.
Forsskaolea viridis Ehrenb.
Parietaria alsinifolia Del.
^ Parietaria umbricola A.G. Miller
Urtica urens L.
Vitaceae
Cissus quadrangularis L.
Cissus rotundifolia (Forssk.) Vahl
Cyphostemma digitatum (Forssk.) Desc.
Rhoicissus revoilii Planchon
# Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) Wild. & Drummon
Zygophyllaceae
Fagonia indica Burm. f.
Zygophyllum simplex L.
Monocotyledons
Agavaceae
Dracaena ombet Kotschy & Peyr.
Sansevieria ehrenbergii Schweinf. ex Baker
Amaryllidaceae
Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf.
Commelinaceae
Commelina africana L.
Commelina benghalensis L.
Commelina erecta L.
Commelina forskaolii Vahl
Cyanotis nyctitropa Deflers.
Cyperaceae
Cyperus dubius ssp. macrocephalus (C.B. Clk.) Lye.
Cyperus jeminicus Rottb.
Cyperus niveus Retz.
Cyperus rotundus L
Cyperus rubicundus Vahl
Fimbristylis cymosa R.Br.
Liliaceae
Aloe castellorum J.R.I. Wood
Aloe fleurentiniorum Lavr.
Aloe officinalis Forssk.
^ Aloe parvicapsula Lavr. & Collen.
^ Aloe woodii Lavr. & Collen.
Asparagus africanus Lam.
Dipcadi viride (L.) Moench
Orchidaceae
# Bonatea steudneri (Rchb.f.) T. Durand & Schinz
Eulophia petersii (Rchb.f.) T. Durand & Schinz
Pandanaceae
Pandanus tectorius Parkinson
Poaceae
Aristida adscensionis L.
Arthraxon prionodes (Steudel) Dandy
Brachiaria leersioides (Hochst.) Stapf
Brachiaria reptans (L.) Gardner & Hubbard
Brachiaria scalaris Pilg.
Cenchrus ciliaris L.
Cenchrus pennisetiformis Hochst. & Steudel
Cenchrus setigerus Vahl
Chloris barbata SW.
Chloris gayana Kunth
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Digitaria abyssinica (A. Rich.) Stapf
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel.
Digitaria nodosa Parl.
Digitaria velutina (Forssk.) P. Beauv.
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link
Enneapogon lophotrichus Chiov.
Enneapogon schimperianus (Hochst. ex A. Rich) Renvoize
Enteropogon macrostachyos (Vahl) K.Schum.
Eragrostis barrelieri Daveau
Eragrostis japonica (Thunb.) Trin.
Eragrostis macilenta (A. Rich.) Steudel
Eragrostis minor Host.
Eragrostis papposa (Roem & Schult.) Steud.
Harpachene schimperi A. Rich.
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv.
Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf
Panicum maximum Jacq.
Panicum turgidum Forssk.
Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.
Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov.
Pennisetum unisetum (Nees) Benth.
Phalaris minor Retz.
Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E. Hubbard
Rostraria pumila (Desf.) Tzvelve
Saccharum spontaneum L.
Sehima nervosum (Willd.) Stapf
Setaria plicatilis (Hochst.) Hackel ex Engl.
Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv.
Sporobolus nervosus Hochst.
Sporobolus pyramidalis P. Beauv.
Sporobolus spicatus (Vahl) Kunth
Stipagrostis hirtigluma (Trin.& Rupr.) de Winter
Tetrapogon villosus Desf.
Themeda triandra Forssk.
Tragus berteronianus Schult.
Tricholaena teneriffae (L.f.) Link.
Typhaceae
Typha elephantina Roxb.
Velloziaceae
# Xerophyta arabica (Baker) N. Menezes