Jazan Province
The Jizan Province is situated in the south-western part of Saudi Arabia, between 160 20` N to 170 40` N and 410 55` E to 430 20` E. The region has about 260 km long coastal area on the western side, stretching from Al-Muwassam in the south to Ash Shuqaiq in the north. There are a few islands (Farasan Islands) in the Red Sea, 50 km. off the Jizan coast, an archipelago of several big and small islands, ranging from 369 km2 to less than 5 km2. The Jazan region can be broadly divided into Coastal zone, Tihama, the Escarpments and the Farasan Islands. The first two regions were part of the oldest agricultural centres of the Arabian Peninsula and composed of wadis, mountains and plateaus. In ancient times, these areas were regarded as the gateway for both crop plants and early travellers from the African and Asian countries. Although the economic boom in the Kingdom from crude oil has diminished importance of the cultivation in the Jazan Region, the well-maintained agricultural terraces along the slopes of southern Hijaz Mountains still support the growth of a wide range of indigenous cash crops including Sorghum, Coffee, Millets, etc.. Climate has an important role in shaping the vegetation cover of the entire escarpments. The area contains a significant proportion of species of the flora of Saudi Arabia, including several endemic and rare species. As the area is located in the south-western tip of the country, the rich and varied flora present in the mountains has a close proximity with the floras of Yemen and North-East African counties
Coastal zone: This area lies between the Red Sea and the Escarpments, with a maximum width of 80 km in the west-east direction and covers about 24, 000 km2. The entire coastal line of Jazan Region, stretching about 260 km in the north-south direction, is more or less fringed with many inlets and creeks (“Mersas” or Khawrs). Although mangroves can be seen in the entire coastal region of Jazan Province, the longest concentrations are in Khawr Abu Saba (45 km) and Midaya (30 km), while the widest areas are in Midaya and Besari with an average width of 150m. Mangrove population in the mainland consists of a monospecific population (Avicennia marina) whereas in Farasan Islands and in one or two pockets along the Red Sea coast, Avicennia marina can be seen growing along with another mangrove, Rhizophora mucronata Lam. Six sea weeds (Cymodoca rotundata, Enhalus acoroides, Halodule australis (=univervis), Halophila ovalis, H. stipulaceae and Thalassia hemprichii) have been reported from areas between Muwassam and Ras Al-Tarfa, most of which could be observed in between 1 m to 300 m away from the sea-shore. Sabkhas or salt pans that extend along the entire western coast are dominated by Suaeda monoica, Halopeplis perfoliata, Sporobolus spicatus, Aeluropus lagopoides, Cressa cretica, Tamarix nilotica, Zygophyllum simplex, Desmostachya bipinnata, Cyperus conglomeratus, etc.
Sand dunes and plains
Dunes, plains and wadis make up some of the major land-forms in Tihama region. Common plants of these areas include Abutilon bidentatun, Dipterygium glaucum, Indigofera argentea, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Panicum turgidum, Pennisetum divisum, Suaeda monoica, and Tephrosia purpurea, whereas open plains are dominated by Acacia tortilis, Ziziphus spina-christi, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Indigofera spinosa, Aerva javanica, Salvadora persica, Senna italica, Calotropis procera and Capparis decidua.
Wadis
There are about 15 main major wadis crossing the Tihama region of Jazan Province. During rainy days, flash floods, originating from the highlands, pass through the wadis in an east to west direction and finally end in Red Sea. Vegetation in wadis of Central Tihama is generally scattered. Dominating plants of this area include: Hyphaene thebaica, Phoenix dactylifera, Desmostachya bipinnata, Tamarix nilotica, Abutilon bidentatum, Senna alexandrina, Acacia ehrenbergiana, etc
Foot hills and escarpments
Vegetation in the mountain areas is not noticeably rich as against to the Asir Mountains, north of Jizan province. However, scattered and occasionally dense vegetation can be observed on open and eroded slopes. The foothills are characterized by rocky slopes, cliffs and crevices with granite, sandy soil whereas the hilly areas are generally formed of rocky cliffs, rocky ridges, granite boulders, granite outcrops, granite sandstones and crevices. The highest peaks of the mountains are heavily inhabited with new houses and agriculture lands added every year. The Fayfa Mountains is one of the important mountains of Jazan Province, holding a relatively rich and diverse flora. Elevations of these undulating mountains vary from 900 m (Al-Ghardha) to about 2000 m (Al-Abseeya); and extend over several kilometers along a roughly north-south axis. The eastern slopes are the rain shadow regions and are with less species diversity. However, the west facing slopes of the mountains are steep and densely vegetated. Dominant members of the plant community between 1500-2000m include Acacia mellifera, A.seyal, Juniperus procera, Carissa edulis, Euclea schimperi, Ficus sycomorus, Catha edulis, Dracaena ombet, etc. Most of the terrain of Fayfa Mountains were converted into agricultural terraces in the past. These areas are now abandoned and are now replaced by the secondary vegetation or by native or exotic weeds such as Tridax procumbens, Chloris barbata, etc or invasive species such as Opuntia dillenii and O. ficus-indica.
Though areas in and around the escarpments are heavily inhabited, the mountains of Fayfa support a rich flora, which is more or less similar to that of Yemen highlands and nearby countries in north east African countries. The west facing slopes, that receives continuous moisture-laden wind from the Red Sea, hold several micro hotspots in several gullies and runnels and sustain a number of endemics and several rare or endangered species; these include a few remaining populations of critically endangered species such as Dracaena ombet, Dorstenia foetida, Ceropegia spp., etc.
Flora
Approximately 858 wild species in 441 genera of 98 families have been reported from the Jazan Region, which is about 37.18 % of the total species present in Saudi Arabia. Among these, 15 are Pteridophytes, 1 is a Gymnosperm, 733 are Dicots and 109 are Monocots. Poaceae contains the highest number of species followed by Papilionaceae with 68 species and Asteraceae with 58 species.
Pteridophytes
Acrostichum aureum L.
Actinopteris radiata (Swartz) Link
Actinopteris semiflabellata Pichi – Sermoli
Adiantum capillus-veneris L.
Adiantum incisum Forssk. Fl.
Asplenium aethiopicum (Burm.f.) Becherer
Asplenium officinarum L.
Cheilanthes coriacea Decne.
Cheilanthes pteridioides (Reich.) C. Chr.
Hypodematium crenatum (Forssk.) Kuhn
Marselia aegyptica Willd.
Psilotum nudum (L.) P. Beauv.
Pteris vittata L.
Selaginella imbricata (Forssk.) Spring
Selaginella yemensis (Swartz) Spring
Gymnosperms
Cupressaceae
Cupressus sempervirens (Cultivated)
Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endl.,
Angiosperms- Dicots
Acanthaceae
Anisotes triculcus (Forssk.) Nees
Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anders
Barleria bispinosa (Forssk.) Vahl
Barleria hochstetteri Nees
Barleria prionites L. ssp. appressa Brummit &Wood
Barleria proxima Lindau.
Barleria trispinosa (Forssk.) Vahl,
Blepharis ciliaris (L.) B.L. Burtt,
Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) Roth
Crossandra wissmanii O. Schwartz
Ecbolium gymnostachyum (Nees) Milne-Redh.
Ecbolium viride (Forssk.) Alston
Hypoestes forskalei (Vahl) Soland.
Justicia caerulea Forssk.
Justicia flava (Vahl) Vahl.
Justicia heterocarpa T. Anders
Justicia odora (Forssk.) Vahl
Lepidagathis scariosa Nees
Monechma debile (Forssk.) Nees
Pedalium murex Royen ex L.
Peristrophe cernua Nees
Peristrophe paniculata (Forssk.) Brummitt,
Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet,
Reullia prostrata Poir.
Ruellia grandiflora (Forssk.) Blatt.
Ruellia patula Jacq. Misc.
Sesamum indicum L.
Aizoaceae
Aizoon canariensis L.
Gisekia pharnaceoides L.
Glinus lotoides L.
Limeum obovatum Vicary
Mollugo cerviana (L.) Seringe
Mollugo nudicaulis Lam.,
Sesuvium sesuvioidus (Fenzl) Verdc.
Trianthema crystallina (Forssk.) Vahl
Trianthema portulacastrum L.
Trianthema sheilae A.G. Miller
Trianthema triquetra Rottle ex Willd.
Zaleya pentandra (L.) Jeffrey
Amaranthaceae
Celosia trigyna L.,
Amaranthus caudatus L.
Amaranthus hybridus L.
Amaranthus spinosus L.
Amaranthus graecizans L. ssp. silvestris (Vill.) Heukels.
Amaranthus sparganiocephalus Thell.
Amaranthus lividus L.
Amaranthus viridis L.
Digera muricata (L.) Mart.
Pupalia lappacea (L.) A. Juss.
Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schultes
Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schultes,
Nothosaerva brachiata (L.) Wt.
Achyranthes aspera L.
Alternanthera pungens Kunth
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC.
Anacardiaceae
Rhus abyssinica Hochst. ex Oliv.
Rhus retinorrhaea Steud. ex Oliv.
Schinus molle L.,
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi
Trichilia emetica Vahl,
Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
Melia azedarach L.
Annonaceae
Annona squamosa L.
Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link,
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.,
Pimpinella eriocarpa Banks et Sol.
Peucedanum inaccessum C.C. Townsend
Apocynaceae
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don
Acokanthera schimperi (DC.) Oliv.
Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl Symb.
Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult.
Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia bracteolata Lam.
Asclepiadaceae
Angolluma deflersiana (Lavr.) Plowes
Angolluma eremastrum (O.Schwartz) Plowes
Angolluma wissmannii (Schwartz) Plowes
Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br.
Caralluma edulis (Edgew.) Benth. & Hook.f.
Caralluma sinaica (Decne.) Berger,
Caralluma subulata (Forssk.) Decne.
Ceropegia arabica H. Huber,
Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb.
Ceropegia rupicola Defl.
Ceropegia tihamana Chaudhary & Lavranos
Ceropegia variegata Decne.
Cynanchum gerrardii (Harv.) Liede
Desmidorchis penicillatus (Defl.) Plowes
Desmidorchis retrospiciens (Forssk.) Plowes
Desmidorchis shadhbanus (Lavr.) Lavr.
Desmidorchis solenophorus (Lavr.) Lavr.
Duvalia velutina Lavranos
Glossonema boveanum (Decne.) Decne.,
Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) Ait. f.
Gomphocarpus sinaicus Boiss.,
Huernia laevis J.R.I.Wood
Kanahia laniflora (Forssk.) R. Br.
Leptadenia arborea (Forssk.) Schweinf.
Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne.
Monolluma quadrangula (Forssk.) Plowes
Pentatropis nivalis (J.F. Gmel.) D. V. Field and J.R.I. Wood
Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov.
Periploca somaliense Browica
Periploca visciformis (Vatke) K. Schum.
Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R. Br.
Asteraceae
Ageratum conyzoides L.
Artemisia abysinthium L.
Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff.
Bidens pilosa L.
Blumea bovei (DC.) Vatke,
Cineraria abyssinica Schi.-Bip. Ex A. Rich.
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq.
Conyza hochstetteri Sch. Bip. ex. A. Rich.
Conyza incana Willd.
Conyza pyrrhopappa Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich.
Conyza stricta Willd.
Crepis ruepellii Sch.-Bip.
Echinops erinaceus Kit Tan,
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.
Felicia dentata (A. Rich.) Dandy
Filago desertorum Pomel Nour.
Filago pyramidata L.
Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.) Mohr.
Galinsoga parviflora Cav.
Gnaphalium luteo-album L.
Helichrysum glumaceum DC.
Kleinia anteuphorbium (L.) DC.
Kleinia pendula (Forssk.) DC.
Lactuca dissecta D. Don.
Lactuca inermis Forssk.
Lactuca serriola L.
Laggera aurita (L.f.) Sch.-Bip.
Laggera decurrens (Vahl) F.N. Hepper & J.R.I. Wood
Launaea intybacea (Jacq.) Beauverd
Launaea massauensis (Fresen.) Sch. Bip. ex Kuntze
Launaea mucronata ssp. cassiniana N. Kilian
Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal
Onopordum heteracanthum C.A. Mey.
Phagnalon stenolepis Chiov
Parthenium hysterophorus L.
Picris cyanocarpa Boiss.
Picris scabra Forssk.
Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) DC.
Psiadia punctulata (DC.) Vatke
Pulicaria jaubertii Gamal El Din
Pulicaria petiolaris Jaub. & Spach.
Pulicaria schimperi DC.
Pulicaria undulata (L.) C.A. May.
Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth
Senecio asirensis Boulos & J.R.I. Wood.
Senecio bojeri DC.
Senecio hadiensis Forssk.
Senecio lyratus Forssk.
Sonchus oleraceus L.
Sonchus saudensis Boulos
Sonchus tenerrimus L.
Tagetes minuta L.,
Tarchonanthus camphoratus L.
Tridax procumbens L.
Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) A. Gray.
Vernonia cinerascens Sch. Bip.
Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.
Vernonia schimperi Sch. – Bip. ex Hochst.
Xanthium spinosum L.
Xanthium strumarium L.
Boraginaceae
Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss.,
Arnebia hispidissima (Lehm.) DC.
Cordia africana Lam.
Cordia sinensis Lam.
Cynoglossum bottae Defl.
Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk.
Echium arabicum R. Mill.
Ehretia abyssinica R. Br. ex Fresen.
Ehretia obtusifolia Hochst. ex DC.
Heliotropium aegyptiacum Lehm.
Heliotropium arbainense Fresen.
Heliotropium chaudharyanum Al-Turki, Omer & Ghafoor
Heliotropium jizanense Al-Turki; Omar & Ghafoor,
Heliotropium lasiocarpum Fisch. et C.A. Meyer.
Heliotropium longiflorum Steud. & Hochst. ex Bunge.
Heliotropium pterocarpum (DC.) Steud. & Hochst. ex Bunge.
Heliotropium ramosissimum (Lehm.) Sieb. ex DC.
Heliotropium strigosum Willd.
var. strigosum
var. cordofanum (Hochst.) Schweinf. ex Blatter
Heliotropium zeylanicum (Burm.f.) Lam.
Trichodesma africanum (L.) R. Br.
Trichodesma ehrenbergii Schweinf. ex Boiss.
Trichodesma trichodesmoides (Bunge) Guerke
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.
Brassica tournefortii Guan
Erucastrum arabicum Fischer & C. Meyer
Raphanus staivus L.
Schouwia purpurea (Forssk.) Schweinf.
Lepidium sativum L.
Lepidium bonariense L.
Lepidium africanum (Burm.f.) DC.
Farsetia aegyptia Turra,
Farsetia longisiliqua Decne.
Arabis alpina L.
Sisymbrium irio L.
Sisymbrium orientale L.
Sisymbrium erysimoides Desf.
Burseraceae
Commiphora erythraea (Ehrenb.) Engler.
Commiphora kataf (Forssk.) Engl.
Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl.
Commiphora quadricincta Schweinf.,
Commiphora habessinica (Berg.) Engl.
Commipora gileadensis (L.) C. Chr.
Cactaceae
Opuntia dillenii (Ker-Gawl.) Haw.
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller.
Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw.
Campanulaceae
Campanula edulis Forssk.
Capparaceae
Cadaba farinosa Forssk.
Cadaba glandulosa Forssk.
Cadaba longifolia DC.
Cadaba rotundifolia Forssk.
Capparis cartilaginea Decne.
Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew
Capparis spinosa L.
Cleome brachycarpa Vahl ex DC.
Cleome gynandra L.
Cleome noeana ssp. brachystyla Cham.& Lamond.
Cleome paradoxa R. Br. ex DC.
Cleome scaposa DC.
Cleome tenella L.f.
Cleome viscosa L.
Dipterygium glaucum Decne.
Maerua crassifolia Forssk.
Maerua oblongifolia (Forssk.) A. Rich.
Maerua triphylla A. Rich.
Caryophyllaceae
Cometes abyssinica R. Br.
Pollichia campestris Ait.
Paronychia chlorothyrsa Murb.
Polycarpaea repens (Forssk.) Aschers. & Schweinf.
Polycarpaea spicata Arn
Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L.
Spergula fallax (Lowe) Krause
Minuartia filifolia (Forssk.) Mattfeld
Arenaria foliacea Turril,
Cerastium glomeratum Thuill.
Silene apetala Willd.
Silene schweinfurthii Rohrab.
Silene colorata ssp. oliveriana (Otth.) Muschl.
Gypsophila capillaris (Forssk.) C. Christ.
Celastraceae
Maytenus arbutifolia (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Wilczek
Maytenus forsskaoliana Sebsebe
Maytenus sidamoensis (Sebsebe) S. Abedin
Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell,
Maytenus undata (Thunb.) Blakelock.
Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl.
Chenopodiaceae
Agriophyllum minus Fischer & C. Meyer ex Ledeb.
Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moric) K. Koch
Atriplex farinosa Forssk.
Atriplex halimus L.
Chenopodium album L.
Chenopodium ambrosioides L.
Chenopodium carinatum R. Br.
Chenopodium fasciculosum Aellen
Chenopodium murale L.
Chenopodium schraderianum Schult.
Cornulaca ehrenbergii Asch
Halopeplis perfoliata (Forssk.) Bunge ex Asch.
Salsola kali
Salsola spinescens Moq
Suaeda aegyptiaca (Hasselq.) Soh.
Suaeda monoica Forssk. ex J. Gmel
Suaeda vermiculata Forssk. ex J. Gmelin
Combretaceae
Combretum aculeatum Vent.
Combretum molle R. Br. ex D. Don.
Terminalia brownii Fresen.
Convolvulaceae
Astripomoea malvacea var. malvacea
Convolvulus arvensis L.
Convolvulus austro-aegyptiacus R. Mill. Abdallah & Saad
Convolvulus glomeratus Choisy,
Convolvulus pilosellifolius Desr.
Convolvulus prostratus Forssk.,
Convolvulus rhyniospermus Hochst. ex Chiosy
Convolvulus siculus L.
Cressa cretica L.,
Cuscuta planiflora Tenore
Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.
Ipomoea eriocarpa R. Br
Ipomoea hochstetteri House
Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br
Ipomoea sinensis ssp.blepharosepala (A. Rich.) Meeuse
Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso
Seddera arabica (Forssk.) Choisy
Seddera latifolia Hochst. & Steud. ex Hochst.
Seddera virgata Hochst. & Steud. ex Hochst.
Crassulaceae
Crassula schimperi Fisch. & C.A. Meyer
Crassula alba Forssk.
Kalanchoe lanceolata (Forssk.) Pers.
Kalanchoe laciniata (L.) DC.
Kalanchoe citrina Schweinf
Kalanchoe alternans (Vahl) Pers
Kalanchoe deficiens (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf.
Kalanchoe glaucescens Britten.
Kalanchoe crenata (Andrews) Haw.
Cucurbitaceae
Kedrostis gijef (J.F. Gmel.) C. Jeffrey
Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn.
Corallocarpus epigaeus (Rottler) Hook. f. ex C.B.
Corallocarpus schimperi (Naud.) Hook. f.
Zehneria scabra (L.f.) Sond.,
Zehneria anomala C. Jeffrey
Cucumis pustulatus Hook. f.,
Cucumis prophetarum L.
Cucumis dipsaceus Spach,
Cucumis melo L.,
Ctenolepis cerasiformis (Stocks) Hook. F.
Momordica balsamina L.,
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.
Coccinea grandis (L.) Voigt
Dracaenaceae
Dracaena ombet Kotschy & Peyr.
Sansevieria ehrenbergii Schweinf-ex Baker
Ebenaceae
Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A. DC.
Euclea schimperi (DC.) Dandy.
Euphorbiaceae
Acalypha ciliata Forssk.
Acalypha fruticosa Forssk. var. fruticosa
Acalypha indica L.
Acalypha lanceolata Willd.
Acalypha racemosa Wall. ex Baill,
Andrachne aspera Spreng.
Andrachne telephioides L.
Chrozophora oblongifolia (Del.) A. Juss. ex Spreng.,
Clutia lanceolata Forssk.
Croton bonplandianus Baill.,
Croton lobatus L.,
Dalechampia scandens var. cordofana
Erythrococca abyssinica Pax .
Euphorbia ammak Schweinf.
Euphorbia arabica Hochst. & Steud. ex Anders.
Euphorbia cactus Ehrenb. ex Boiss.
Euphorbia chamaepeplus Boiss. & Gaill.
Euphorbia cuneata Vahl
Euphorbia fractiflexa S. Carter & J.R.I. Wood
Euphorbia granulata Forssk.
Euphorbia hirta L.
Euphorbia hypercifolia L.
Euphorbia inarticulata Schweinf.
Euphorbia inequilatera Sond.
Euphorbia parciramulosa Schweinf.
Euphorbia scordifolia Jacq.
Euphorbia triaculeata Frossk.
Flueggea leucopyrus Willd.
Jatropha curcas L. Sp.
Jatropha glauca Vahl,
Jatropha pelargoniifolia Courb.
Phyllanthus fraternus Webster
Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L.
Phyllanthus nummularifolius Poir.
Phyllanthus rotundifolius Willd.
Ricinus communis L.,
Tragia pungens var. villosa Pax ex Hutch.
Flacourtiaceae
Oncoba spinosa Forssk.
Fumariaceae
Fumaria abyssinica Hammar
Fumaria parviflora Lam.
Enicostema axillare (Lamk.) Raynal
Centaurium maire Zeltner
Geraniaceae
Geranium mascatense Boiss.
Geranium ocellatum Camb.
Geranium trilophum Boiss.
Geranium biuncinatum Kokwaro
Pelargonium multibracteatum Hochst.
Hydnoraceae
Hydnora johannis Beccari
Hypericaceae
Hypericum annulatum Moris
Lauraceae
Cassytha filiformis L.
Lamiaceae
Basilicum polystachyon (L.) Moench.
Endostemon tereticaulis (Poir.) Ashby
Lavandula atriplicifolia Benth.
Lavandula citriodora A. Miller.
Lavandula coronopifolia Poir.
Lavandula pubescens Decne.
Leucas alba (Forssk.) Sebald.
Leucas glabrata (Vahl) R. Br.
Leucas martinicensis R. Br.
Leucas urticifolia (Vahl) R. Br.
Micromeria abyssinica Benth.
Micromeria imbricata (Forssk.) O. Chr.
Ocimum americanum L.
Ocimum basilicum L.,
Ocimum filamentosum Forssk.
Ocimum forsskalii Benth.,
Ocimum serpyllifolium Forssk.
Orthosiphon pallidus Royle ex Benth.
Orthosiphon thymiflorus (Roth) Steesen
Otostegia fruticosa (Forssk.) Penz., ssp. schimperi
Plectranthus asirensis J.R.I. Wood
Plectranthus barbatus Andres
Salvia aegyptiaca L.,
Teucrium yemense Deflers.
Leguminosae
Abrus bottae Deflers.
Abrus precatorius L.
Acacia abyssinica Hochst. ex Benth.
Acacia asak (Forssk.) Willd.
Acacia ehrenbergiana Hayne
Acacia etbaica Schweinf.
Acacia gerrardii Benth
Acacia hamulosa Benth.
Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth.
Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf.
Acacia origena Asfaw
Acacia seyal Del.
Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne
Alysicarpus glumaceus (Vahl) DC.
Alysicarpus rugosus (Willd.) DC.
Argyrolobium arabicum (Decne.) Jaub. & Spach
Astragalus atropilosulus (Hochst.) Bunge
Astragalus vogelii (Webb) Bornm.,
Cadia purpurea (Picc.) Ait.
Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene
Chamaecrista nigricans (Vahl) Greene
Clitoria ternatea L.
Crotalaria incana L.
Crotalaria microphylla Vahl,
Crotalaria pycnostachya Benth.
Crotalaria retusa L.
Crotalaria senegalensis (Pers.) DC.
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.
Delonix elata (L.) Gamble
Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC.
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn.
Dolichos trilobus L
Glycine wightii
ssp. wightii
var. longicauda (Schweinf.) Verd.
Indigofera arabica Jaub. & Spach
Indigofera argentea Burm.f.
Indigofera arrecta Hochst. ex A. Rich.,
Indigofera articulata Gouan,
Indigofera brachyphylla Al-Turki
Indigofera coerulea Roxb.
var. coerulea
var. occidentalis Gillet & Ali
Indigofera colutea (Burm.f.) Merr.
Indigofera hochstetteri Baker
Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz.
Indigofera oblongifolia Forssk.
Indigofera semitrijuga Forssk
Indigofera spicata Forssk.,
Indigofera spinosa Forssk.
Indigofera tinctoria L.
Indigofera trita L.f.
var. scabra (Roth) Ali
var. subulata (Poir.)Ali
var. maffeii (Chiov.) Ali
Indigofera volkensii Taub in Engl.
Lablab purpureus (L.) Sw.
Lotus arabicus L.,
Lotus gebelia Vent.
Lotus halophilus Boiss. & Sprun
Macrotyloma axillare (E. Mey.) Verdc.
Medicago lupulina L.
Melilotus alba Medic.
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall.
Melitotus indica (L.) All.
Phaseolus lunatus L.,
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.
Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.
Pterolobium stellatum (Forssk.) Brenan
Rhynchosia buramensis Hutch. & Bruce
Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC.
var. minima
var. nuda (DC.)
var. memnonia (Delile) Cooke
Rhynchosia pulverulenta Stocks
Rhynchosia totta (Thunb.) DC.
Rhynchosia variegata (Defl.) J.R.I. Wood
Senna alexandrina Mill.
Senna holosericea (Fresen) Greuter
Senna italica Mill. Gard.
Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link,
Sesbania leptocarpa DC.
Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.
ssp. caesia (Chiov.) Verdc.
Stylosanthes fruticosa (Retz.) Alston
Tamarindus indica L.
Taverniera cuneifolia (Roth.) Arn
Tephrosia apollinea (Del.) DC.
Tephrosia heterophylla Vatke,
Tephrosia nubica (Boiss.) Bak. ssp. arabica
Tephrosia pumila (Lam.) Pers.,
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.,
Tephrosia subtriflora Hochst. ex Bak.
Tephrosia uniflora Pers.
Teramnus labialis (L.f.) Spreng. subsp. arabicus Verdc.
Teramnus repens (Taub.) Baker f. ssp. gracilis (Chiov.) Verd.
Trigonella anguina Del.
Vermifrux abyssinica (A. Rich.)
Vicia sativa L.
Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal
Vigna ambacensis Welw. ex Bak.
Vigna membranacea A. Rich
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.
Linaceae
Linum corymbulosum. Reichb.
Linum trigynum L.
Loganiaceae
Buddleja polystachya Fresen.
Nuxia oppositifolia (Hochst.) Benth.
Loranthaceae
Plicosepalus curviflorus (Benth. ex Oliv.) Tiegh.,
Phragmanthera austroarabica A.G. Mill. & Nyberg.
Tapinanthus globiferus (A. Rich.) Tieghem.
Lythraceae
Lawsonia inermis L.
Ammania baccifera L.
Malpighiaceae
Caucanthus edulis Forssk.
Malvaceae
Abutilon ramosum Guill. & Perr
Abutilon fruticosum Guill. & Perr.
Abutilon figarianum Webb,
Abutilon hirtum (Lamk.) Sw.
Abutilon bidentatum A. Rich.
Abutilon pannosum (G. Forst.) Schlecht
Abutilon muticum (Del. ex DC.) Sw.
Fioria dictyocarpa (Hochst.) Mattei
Fioria vitifolius (L) Mattei.
Gossypium hirsutum L.
Hibiscus cannabinus L.
Hibiscus sabdariffa L.
Hibiscus micranthus L.f.
var. rigidus (L.f.) Cufod
Hibiscus ovalifolius (Forssk.) Vahl,
Hibiscus deflersii Schweinf. ex Cufod.
Hibiscus aponeurus Sprague & Hutch
Hibuscus purpureus Forssk.
Hibiscus palmatus Forssk.,
Hibiscus aristaevalvis Garcke
Malva parviflora L.
Pavonia burchellii (DC.) R.A.
Pavonia procumbens (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Wallp.
Pavonia arabica Hochst. & Steud
Senra incana Cav.
Sida spinosa L.
Sida alba L.
Sida alii S. Abedin
Sida ovata Forssk.
Meliaceae
Azadirachta indica (Cultivated)
Melia azadirach (Cultivated)
Menispermaceae
Cocculus pendulus (J.R. & G. Forst.) Diels.
Tinospora bakis (A. Rich.) Miers
Moraceae
Dorstenia foetida (Forssk.) Schweinf.
Ficus carica L.,
Ficus palmata Forssk.
Ficus sycomorus L
Ficus cordata Thunb.
Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq.
Ficus glumosa Del.,
Ficus populifolia Vahl
Ficus vasta Forssk.
Myrsinaceae
Maesa lanceolata Forssk.
Myrsine africana L.
Myrtaceae
Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC.
Nyctaginaceae
Boerhavia elegans Choisy
Boerhavia repens L.
Boerhavia diffusa L.
Commicarpus grandiflorus (A. Rich.)
Commicarpus arabicus Meikle
Commicrpus plumbagineus (Cav.) Standley
Commicarpus mistus Thulin
Commicarpus helenae (Roem. & Schultes) Meikle
Pisonia aculeata L.
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis corniculata L.
Oleaceae
Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata (Wall.) Ciferri.
Jasminum grandiflorum L.
Onagraceae
Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.)Raven
Orobanchaceae
Cistanche tubulosa (Schrenk) Wt.
Orobanche ramosa L.,
Orobanche minor Sm.
Papaveraceae
Argemone mexicana L.
Argemone ochroleuca Sweet
Plumbaginaceae
Plumbago zeylanica L.
Limonium axillare (Forssk.) Kuntze
Limonium cylindrifolium (Forssk.)Verdc.
Polygonaceae
Oxygonum sinuatum (Hochst. & Steudel) Dammer
Rumex nervosus Vahl
Rumex vesicarius L.
Rumex steudelii Hochst. ex A. Rich.
Emex spinosa (L.) Campd.
Polygalaceae
Polygala irregularis Boss.,
Polygala erioptera DC.,
Polygala abyssinica R. Br. ex Fresen
Polygala tinctoria Vahl,
Polygala senensis Klotzsch.
Portulacaceae
Talinium portulacifolium (Forssk.) Asch. ex Schweinf
Portulaca oleracea L.
Portulaca quadrifida L.
Portulaca kermesina N.E. Br.
Primulaceae
Anagallis arvensis L.
Samolus valerandi L.
Ranunculaceae
Clematis hirsuta Guill. & Perr.
Resedaceae
Ochradenus baccatus Del.,
Ochradenus arabicus Chaudhary, Hillc. & A.G. Miller
Reseda sphenocleoides Defl.
Rhamnaceae
Berchemia discolor (Klotzch) Hemsl.
Ziziphus mucronata Willd., Enum.
Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd.
Rosaceae
Rosa abyssinica Lindley,
Prunus amygdalus (L.) Batsch
Rhizophoraceae
Rhizophora mucronata Lam.
Rubiaceae
Breonadia salicina (Vahl) Hepper & Wood
Galium setaceum Lam., ssp. decaisnei (Boiss.) Ehrend.,
Kohautia aspera (Heyne ex Roth) Bremekamp
Kohautia caespitosa Schnizl.
var. caespitosa
var. schimperi (Presl.) Bremek
Oldenlandia capensis L.f., var. capensis
Oldenlandia corymbosa L.
Pavetta longiflora Vahl,
Pentas lanceolata (Forssk.) K. Schum. \
Psydrax schimperiana (Rich.) Bridson
Pyrostria phyllanthoidea (Baill.) Bridson
Rutaceae
Ruta chalepensis L.
Teclea nobilis Del.
Scrophulariaceae
Anarrhinum forskalii (J.F. Gmel) Cufod.
Anticharis glandulosa Aschers.
Anticharis linearis (Benth.) Hochst. ex Aschers
Antirrhinum orontium L.
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell.,
Campylanthus pungens O. Schwartz
Craterostigma pumilum Hochst
Kickxia corallicola D.A. Sutton,
Kickxia hastata (R. Br.) Dandy
Lindenbergia indica (L.) Kuntze
Schweinfurthia pterosperma (A. Rich.) A. Br.
Scoparia dulcis L.
Scrophularia arguta Sol.
Striga gesneroides (Willd.) Vatke
Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth.,
Verbascum bottae (Deflers) Huber-Mor.
Verbascum sinaiticum Benth.
Verbascum yemense Deflers,
Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Sp. Pl.: 12 (1753)
Veronica polita Fries
Salvadoraceae
Salvadora persica L.,
Dobera glabra (Forssk.) Juss. ex Poir
Sapindaceae
Dodonaea angustifolia L.
Cardiospermum helicacabum L.
Allophyllus rubifolius (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Engl.
Solanaceae
Datura ferox L. Amoen.
Datura innoxia Mill.
Datura metal L.
Datura stramonium L.
Nicotiana glauca R. Graham,
Nicotiana tabacum L.
Solanum nigrum L.
Solanum villosum Miller ssp. villosus
ssp. miniatum Bernh. ex Willd.
Solanum forskalii Dunal in Hist. Solan. 237. (1813).
Solanum schimperianum Hochst. ex Dun
Solanum glabratum Dunal
Solanum incanum L.
var. unguiculatum
Solanum coagulans Forssk.,
Solanum surattense Burm.f.
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal
Sapotaceae
Sideroxylon buxifolium Hutch
Mimusops laurifolia (Forssk.) Friis
Sterculiaceae
Melhania ovata (Cav.) Spreng.
Melhania incana Heyne ex Wight & Arn.
Melhania velutina Forssk.
Melhania stipulosa J.R.I. Wood
Melhania denhamii R. Br
Waltheria indica L.
Tamaricaceae
Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge
Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst.,
Tiliaceae
Grewia mollis Juss.
Grewia trichocarpa Hochst. ex A. Rich.
Grewia gilletii Sebsebe & Mathew
Grewia velutina (Forssk.) Vahl.
Grewia tembensis Fresen
Grewia tenax (Forssk.) Fiori
Grewia erythraea Schweinf.
Grewia villosa Willd.
Corchorus olitorius L.,
Corchorus trilocularis L.,
Corchorus tridens L.
Corchorus depressus (L.) Stocks.
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
Ulmaceae
Celtis africana Burm.f.
Trema orientalis (L.) Bl.
Urticaceae
Forsskaolea tenacissima L.
Forsskaolea viridis Ehrenb
Parietaria alsinifolia Del.
Parietaria debilis G. Forst.
Parietaria umbricola A.G. Miller
Urtica urens L.
Vahliaceae
Vahlia digyna (Retz.) Kuntze
Verbenaceae
Lantana camara L.
Lantana viburnoides (Forssk.) Vahl
Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene.,
Chascanum marrubifolium Fenzl ex. Walp.
Priva tenax Verdc.
Premna resinosa (Hochst.) Schau.
Vitex trifolia L.
Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.
Violaceae
Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F. Muell.
Vitaceae
Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) Wild & Drummon.
Rhoicissus revoilii Planch.
Cissus quadrangularis L.,
Cissus rotundifolius (Forssk.) Vahl,
Cyphostemma ternatum (Forssk.) Desc.
Cyphostemma digitatum (Forssk.) Desc.
Zygophyllaceae
Fagonia schweinfurthii (Hadidi) Hadidi
Fagonia indica Burm.f.
Fagonia bruguieri DC.
Zygophyllum simplex L.
Zygophyllum coccineum var. berenicense
Zygophyllum album L.f.
Zygophyllum hamiense var. mandavillei
(Hadidi) J. Thomas & S. Chaudhary,
Tribulus terrestris L.
Monocots
Amaryllidaceae
Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf., .
Pancratium tortuosum Herbert
Arecaceae (Palmaceae)
Phoenix reclinata Jacq.
Phoenix dactylifera L.
Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart.
Commelinaceae
Cyanotis nyctitropa Deflers,
Aneilema forskalei Kunth.
Commelina africana L.
Commelina erecta L.
Commelina benghalensis L.
Commelina forskalaei Vahl
Cymodoceaceae
Halodule uninervis (Forssk.) Asch.
Cymodocea rotundata Ehrenb. & Hemprich. ex Aschers.
Cyperaceae
Cyperus alopecuroides Rottb.
Cyperus alternifolius L. ssp. flabelliformis (Rottb.) Kuck.
Cyperus articulatus L.
Cyperus bulbosus Vahl
Cyperus conglomeratus ssp. curvulus
Cyperus dubius ssp. macrocephalus (C.B. Clk.) Lye
Cyperus jeminicus Rottb.
Cyperus laevigatus L.
Cyperus niveus Retz.
Cyperus rotundus L.
Cyperus rubicundus Poir.
Cyperus schimperianus Steud.
Fimbristylis turkistanica (Regel) B. Fedtsch
Fimbrystilis cymosa R.Br.
Hyacinthaceae
Dipcadi viride Moench,
Albuca pendula B. Mathew & Colle.
Hydrocharitaceae
Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Rich. ex Steud
Thalassia hemprichii (Solms) Asch.
Halophila ovalis (R.Br.) Hook. f.
Halophila stipulacea (Forssk.) Aschers.
Juncaceae
Juncus rigidus Desf.
Liliaceae
Asparagus africanus Lam.
Asparagus flagellaris (Kunth) Bak.
Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav.
Aloe castellorum J.R.I. Wood
Aloe fleurentiniorum Lavranos & Newton
Aloe rivierei Lavranos & Newton
Aloe vacillans Forssk.,
Aloe officinalis Forssk.,
Aloe woodii Lavr. & Colle.
Aloe yemenica J.R.I. Wood,
Aloe X qaharensis Lavranos & Collenette
Orchidaceae
Epipactis veratrifolia Boiss.
Bonatea steudneri (Rchb.f.) T. Durnad & Schinz.
Eulophia petersii (Reichb.) Reichb.f
Pandanaceae
Pandanus odoratissimus L. f.
Poaceae
Aeluropus lagopoides (L.) Trin. ex Thw.,
Aristida adscensionis L.
Aristida ferrilateris S.M. Phillips
Aristida funiculata Trin. & Rupr.
Aristida mutabilis Trin. & Rupr.
Arthraxon prionodes (Steudel) Dandy
Brachiaria deflexa (Schum.) C.E. Hubbard ex Robyns
Brachiaria lata (Schum.) C.E. Hubb.
Brachiaria leersioides (Hochst.) Stapf
Brachiaria reptans (L.) Gardner & Hubbard
Brachiaria scalaris Pilg.
Brachypodium distachyum (L.) P. Beauv.
Bromus pulchellus Fig. & De Not.,
Cenchrus ciliaris L.,
Cenchrus pennisetiformis Hochst. & Steudel,
Cenchrus setigerus Vahl
Chloris barbata Sw.
Chloris gayana Kunth,
Chrysopogon plumulosus Hochst.
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.,
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd., Enum.
Dactyloctenium aristatum Link
Dactyloctenium scindicum Boiss.
Danthoniopsis barbata (Nees) Hubb.
Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf
Dichanthium faveolatum (Del.) Roberty
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel.
Digitaria nodosa Parl.,
Digitaria velutina (Forssk.) P. Beauv.
Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panz.
Drake-Brockmania somalensis Stapf
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link.
Ehrharta erecta Lam.,
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. ssp. indica
Elionurus royleanus A. Rich.
Enneapogon lophotrichus Chiov. ex H.
Enneapogon schimperianus (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Renvoize,
Enteropogon macrostachyus (Hochst. ) Munro ex Benth.
Eragrostis aspera (Jacq.) Nees,
Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R. Br.
Eragrostis japonica (Thumb.) Trin.
Eragrostis macilenta (A. Rich.) Steudel,
Eragrostis minor Host.
Eragrostis papposa (Roem. & Schult.) Steud.,
Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schultes
Eragrsotis barrelieri Daveaeu,
Gastridium phleoides (Nees & Meyen) C.E. Hubb.
Halopyrum mucronatum (L.) Stapf
Harpachene schimperi A. Rich.
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.
Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf
Lamarckia aurea Moench,
Ochthochloa compressa (Forssk.) Hilu,
Panicum coloratum L.,
Panicum maximum Jacq.
Panicum turgidum Forssk.
Paspalidium desertorum (A. Rich.) Stapf
Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.,
Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov.
Pennisetum stramineum Peter
Pennisetum unisetum (Nees) Benth.
Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hack.
Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E. Hubbard
Rostraria pumila (Desf.) Tzvelev
Saccharum spontaneum L., Mant.
Schoenefeldia gracilis Kunth,
Sehima nervosum (Willd.) Stapf
Setaria plicatilis (Hochst.) Hackel ex Engl.
Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv.
Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv.
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench,
Sporobolus consimilis Fresen.,
Sporobolus helvolus (Trin.) Dur. & Schinz
Sporobolus nervosus Hochst.
Sporobolus pyramidalis P. Beauv
Sporobolus spicatus (Vahl) Kunth
Stipagrostis hirtigluma (Trin. & Rupr.) de Winter
Tetrapogon cenchriformis (A. Rich.) Clayton
Tetrapogon tenellus (Roxb.) Chiov.
Tetrapogon villosus Desf.
Themeda triandra Forssk.,
Tragus berteronianus Schult.
Tricholaena teneriffae (L.f.) Link.,
Urochondara setulosa (Trin.) C.E. Hubb.
Potamogetonaceae
Potamogeton nodosus Poir.
Typhaceae
Typha domingensis (Pers.) Poir. ex Steud.,
Typha elephatina Roxb
.
Velloziaceae
Xerophyta arabica (Baker) N. Menezes
