Species

Altitudinal variations (in meters)

Impact on Domestic herds

Mode of dispersal

Propagation

0-

500

501-

1000

1001-

2000

2001-

3000

Alternanthera pungens

*

*

May cause skin problems to cattle

Seeds transported by shoes, water, wheels or animals

Seeds

Amaranthus albus

*

*

Excessve quantity may cause problems to livestock

Wind, water, farm machinery 

Seeds

Amaranthus hybridus

*

*

*

No toxic effects reportted 

Propagules transported through wind and water curents, soil transport

Seeds

Amaranthus spinosus  

*

*

*

*

No toxic effects reportted 

Wind, water, animals 

Seeds

Annona squamosa

*

No toxic effects reportted 

Birds

Seeds

Argemone mexicana

*

*

The yellow sap is Toxic

Wind and water

Seeds

Argemone ochroleuca

*

*

The yellow sap is Toxic

Wind and water

Seeds

Austrocylindropuntia subulata

*

*

Fruits edible. Spines hazardous to animals 

Baboons, Through detached pads.

vegetative and seeds

Atriplex suberecta

*

Unpalatable 

Wind and water

Seeds

Bidens aurea

*

Palatable

Wind , water, animals, shoes

Seeds

Cenchrus echinatus

*

*

Achens are hazardous 

Cloths, shoes, animals, plant dumping

Seeds

Cenchrus gracillimus

*

*

Achens are hazardous 

Cloths, shoes, animals, plant dumping

Seeds

Cirsium vulgare

*

*

Unpalatable

wind, water, cloths

seeds

Chenopodium atrovirens

*

Unpalatable 

wind, water

Seeds

Chenopodium desiccatum ssp.  leptophylloides  

*

Unpalatable 

wind, water

Seeds

Cuscuta campestris

*

*

Unpalatable 

Stem parasite. Through infestation.

Seeds

Cylindropuntia rosea

*

Unpalatable 

Moving vehicles, shoes

Vegetative

Datura ferox

*

Unpalatable Wind, water, cloths or through dumping sites

Seeds

Datura innoxia

*

unpalatable

 Wind, water, cloths or through dumping sites

Seeds

Datura metel

*

unpalatable

 Wind, water, cloths or through dumping sites

Seeds

Datura stramonium

*

unpalatable

 Wind, water, cloths or through dumping sites

Seeds

Dysphania ambrosioides

*

*

*

Unpalatable. It can cause dizziness, vomiting, convulsions and even death

Water

Seeds

Dysphania carinata

*

Unpalatable 

Wind and water or from dumping site

Seeds

Eclipta prostrata

*

*

Palatable. Also widely used as a medicinal plant

Water and wind

Seeds

Encelia farinosa

*

Palatable

Wind

Seeds

Erigeron bonariensis

*

*

*

*

Unpalatable

Wind and water, also As a contaminant of manure

Seeds

Erigeron canadensis

*

*

Unpalatable

Wind and water, also as a contaminant of manure

Seeds

Euphorbia cyathophora

*

unpalatable

as a contaminant of manure

Seeds

Euphorbia heterophylla

*

unpalatable

As a contaminant of manure

Seeds

Euphorbia hirta

*

*

*

*

Unpalatable. Toxic

Wind. Also as a contaminant of manure.

Seeds

Euphorbia hypercifolia

*

Unpalatable. Toxic

Wind. Also as a contaminant of manure.

Seeds

Euphorbia maculata

*

Unpalatable. Toxic

As a contaminant of manure.

Seeds

Euphorbia prostrata Aiton

*

Unpalatable. Toxic

As a contaminant of manure.

Seeds

Euphorbia tirucalli

*

*

Unpalatable. Toxic

Vegetative

Vegetative

Flaveria trinervia

*

*

*

*

Unpalatable

Water

Seeds

Galinsoga parviflora

*

No toxic effects reportted 

Wind. Also as a contaminant of manure.

Seeds

Heliotropium curassavicum

*

Toxic

Water

Seeds

Ipomoea cairica

*

*

*

*

Unpalatable

Water

Seeds

Ipomoea carnea ssp. fistulosa

*

Toxic

As a contaminant of manure

Seeds

Jatropha curcas

*

*

Toxic

As a contaminant of manure

Seeds

Lantana camara

*

*

*

Toxic

Water

Seeds

Leucaena leucocephala

*

*

Unpalatable

Wind and water

Seeds

Lythrum hyssopifolia .

*

Unpalatable

Wind, water

Seeds

Malvastrum coromandelianum

*

Unpalatable

Wind and water

Seeds

Nicotiana glauca

*

*

Unpalatable

Wind and water

Seeds

Operculina turpethum

*

Unpalatable

Wind and water

Seeds

Opuntia ficus-indica

*

*

*

Fruits edible. Spines hazardous to animals 

Baboons, Through detached pads.

vegetative and seeds

Opuntia stricta 

*

*

*

Fruits edible. Spines hazardous to animals 

Baboons, Through detached pads.

vegetative and seeds

Paspalum dilatatum

*

Unpalatable

Wind and water

Seeds

Physalis peruviana

*

Palatable

Wind and water

Seeds

Physalis stepelioides

*

Fruits edible

Birds, from dumping site

Seeds

Potamogeton perfoliatus

*

Fruits edible

Birds, from dumping site

Seeds

Prosopis juliflora

*

unpalatable

Water

vegetative and seeds

Salsola kali

*

*

*

Fruit Palatable

Wind, from livestock excreta 

Seeds

Senna occidentalis

*

*

seedlings palatable

Wind, water, from dumping site

Seeds

Senna obtusifolia 

*

Unpalatable

From dumping site

Seeds

Sesuvium portulacastrum

*

Unpalatable

From dumping site

Seeds

Sesuvium verrucosum

*

Unpalatable

From dumping site

Seeds

Tagetes minuta

*

Unpalatable

From dumping site

Seeds

Trianthema portulacastrum

*

*

Unpalatable

Wind, water

Seeds

Tridax procumbens

*

*

Unpalatable

From dumping site

Seeds, also vegetatively

Verbesina encelioides

*

*

*

Unpalatable

Wind, water, also from dumping site

Seeds

Xanthium spinosum

*

*

*

Unpalatable

Wind, water, from dumping site

Seeds