Jabal Shada
Shada Mountains (Jabal Shada) is an isolated twin-mountain massif in Saudi Arabia that support rich biodiversity Shada Mountains (Jabal Shada) is an isolated twin-mountain massif in Saudi Arabia that support rich biodiversity
The Shada Mountains range is composed of Shada Alalah and Shada Asfal with the peak altitudes of 2215 and 1472 m a.s.l., respectively (15°41′–15°42′N, 47°19′–55°19′E). The twin mountains (Shada Alalah and Shada Asfal) are separated by Wadi Meleel valley. The Shada Alalah is a chain of hills that forms a continuous elevated crest and the Shada Asfal is a relatively gentle-sloped mountain. Influenced by topography and air currents coming from the Red Sea, the climate is cooler and wetter at higher altitudes than in the lowlands. Average annual precipitation is 148.7 mm with a monthly mean ranging from 1.5 mm in February to 37.5 mm in April. Monthly mean temperature ranges from 9.0°C in January to 36.5°C in August. Humidity varies from 59% in January to 24% in June.
Flora of the Shada Mountains is composed of 495 species falling in 314 genera of 76 families. About 12 and 2 of these 495 species belong to pteridophytes and gymnosperms, respectively. Poaceae and Asteraceae are the largest families with 67 and 44 species, respectively, followed by Leguminosae (28 spp.) and Malvaceae (24 spp.). The Shada Mountains contain 3.8% endemic species and 13.4% endangered species. Among the 19 endemic species, shrubs were the highest (9 spp.), followed by subshrubs (6 spp.), herbs (3 spp.) and trees (1 spp.). Forty-three (43) endangered species (17 shrubs, 12 subshrubs, herbs, and trees 7 each) accounted for 6.6% of the total endangered species in Saudi Arabia. Tropical families (e.g., Acanthaceae, Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, Moraceae, Rubiaceae and Sapotaceae) accounted almost half of the total species in the country.
| Species | Family | Habit | Population strength |
| Acacia abyssinica | Fabaceae | Tree | Moderate |
| Adenium obesum | Apocynaceae | Shrub | High |
| Angolluma commutata | Apocynaceae | Subshrub | Poor |
| Anisotes trisulcus | Acanthaceae | Shrub | High |
| Asperagus setaceus | Asparagaceae | Shrub | Moderate |
| Barleria bispinosa | Acanthaceae | Climber | High |
| Barleria trispinosa | Acanthaceae | Shrub | Moderate |
| Centaurothamnus maximus | Asteraceae | Shrub | Poor |
| Cynoglossum bottae | Apocynaceae | Subshrub | Moderate |
| Indigofera trita ssp. subulata | Fabaceae | Shrub | Poor |
| Kickxia pseudoscoparia | Plantaginaceae | Subshrub | Poor |
| Parietaria umbricola | Urticaceae | Herb | Poor |
| Plectranthus asirensis | Lamiaceae | Shrub | High |
| Reichardia tingitana var. arabica | Asteraceae | Herb | Moderate |
| Rhynchosia variegata | Fabaceae | Subshrub | Poor |
| Sarcostemma arabicum | Apocynaceae | Shrub | Moderate |
| Silene asirensis | Caryophyllaceae | Herb | Poor |
| Swertia woodii | Gentianaceae | Subshrub | Poor |
| Trichodesma trichodesmoides var. discolor | Boraginaceae | Subshrub | Moderate |
Near Endemics of Jabal Shada
| Species | Family | Habit | Chorotype | Threat | Threat impact | National status |
| Abrus precatorius | Fabaceae | Shrub | SM | A,B | 1 | E |
| Abutilon ramosum | Malvaceae | Shrub | SM | B,D | 1 | V |
| Angolluma commutata | Apocynaceae | Subshrub | SM | B | 2 | V |
| Aneilema forsskalii | Commelinaceae | Herb | SM | B,C | 2 | E |
| Asperagus setaceus | Asparagaceae | Shrub | TR AF | B,C | 2 | E |
| Blepharis maderaspatensis | Acanthaceae | Subshrub | TR AF | B | 2 | E |
| Boscia angustifolia | Capparaceae | Tree | SM | B | 2 | CE |
| Breonadia salicina | Ribiaceae | Tree | TR AF | A,C | 2 | CE |
| Capparis tomentosa | Capparaceae | Shrub | SM | C | 2 | CE |
| Caralluma petrae | Apocynaceae | Subshrub | SM | B | 2 | E |
| Ceropegia vignaldiana | Apocynaceae | Subshrub | SM | B | 1 | E |
| Cocculus hirsutus | Menispermaceae | Shrub | TR AF | B,C | 1 | E |
| Commicarpus ambiguus | Nyctaginaceae | Subshrub | SM | B | 2 | V |
| Coptosperma graveolens | Ribiaceae | Tree | SM | B,C | 2 | CE |
| Croton lobatus | Euphorbiaceae | Herb | SM | B | 1 | E |
| Diospyros mespiliformis | Ebenaceae | Tree | SM | A,B | 2 | V |
| Ehretia obtusifolia | Boraginaceae | Tree | SM | B,D | 2 | E |
| Euphorbia inaequilatera | Euphorbiaceae | Shrub | SM | B,C | 2 | E |
| Filago pyramidata | Asteraceae | Herb | MED-IT | B,E | 1 | V |
| Gymnema sylvestris | Apocynaceae | Shrub | TR | B,C | 1 | CE |
| Indigofera trita ssp. subulata | Fabaceae | shrub | SM | B,C | 1 | E |
| Indigofera volkensii | Fabaceae | Shrub | SM | B,C,D | 1 | E |
| Lepidagathis calycina | Acanthaceae | Subshrub | SM | C,D,F | 1 | E |
| Linum usitatissimum | Linaceae | Herb | MED | B,C,D | 2 | E |
| Megalochlamys violacea | Acanthaceae | Shrub | SM | C,D,F | 1 | CE |
| Melhania velutina | Malvaceae | Shrub | SM | B,C,D | 2 | E |
| Minuartia filifolia | Caryophyllaceae | Subshrub | SM | C,D,F | 2 | V |
| Myrsine africana | Myrsinaceae | Tree | TR AF | C,D | 2 | CE |
| Ochna inermis | Ochnaceae | Shrub | TR AF | C,D | 2 | CE |
| Osyris quadripartita | Santalaceae | Shrub | MED | C,D | 2 | EN |
| Pavonia procumbens | Malvaceae | Subshrub | TR AF | C,D | 2 | EN |
| Pegolettia senegalensis | Asteraceae | Herb | SM | C,D,F | 1 | EN |
| Pollichia campestris | Caryophyllaceae | Shrub | TR AF | A,F,G | 2 | EN |
| Portulaca grandiflora | Portulacaceae | Herb | TR AF | B,C,E | 1 | VU |
| Portulaca kermesina | Portulacaceae | Herb | TR AF | B,C,E | 1 | VU |
| Rhus abyssinica | Anacardiaceae | Shrub | SM | C,D | 2 | EN |
| Rhus natalensis | Anacardiaceae | Shrub | SM | C,D | 2 | EN |
| Scutallaria rubicunda ssp. subvelutinum | Lamiaceae | Subshrub | SM | B,C,D | 1 | EN |
| Senecio lyratus | Asteraceae | Subshrub | SM | B,C,F | 1 | VU |
| Silene asirensis | Caryophyllaceae | Subshrub | SM | B,C,E | 1 | EN |
| Vigna macrorhyncha | Fabaceae | Subshrub | TR AF | C,D | 1 | VU |
| Woodfordia fruticosa | Lythraceae | Shrub | SM | C,D | 2 | CE |
| Ziziphus mucronata | Rhamnaceae | Tree | TR AF | C,F | 2 | CE |
Endangered species of Jabal Shada
MED, Mediterranean; MED-IT, Mediterrannean-Irano-Turanian; SM, Somali-Masai; TR-AF, Tropical Africa.
A, road development; B, eroded soil; C, poor seed production and germination; D, low moisture; E, habitat loss; F, invasive species encroachment; 1, decline in population size; 2, very small population/very restricted distribution; CR, critically endangered; EN,endangered; VU, vulnerable.
Flora of Shada Mountains
(Refer checklist page for an updated nomenclature)
| Acanthaceae | Anisotes trisulcus |
| Barleria acanthoides | |
| Barleria bispinosa | |
| Barleria prionites | |
| Barleria proxima | |
| Barleria trispinosa | |
| Blepharis ciliaris | |
| Blepharis maderaspatensis | |
| Crossandra weissmanii | |
| Ecbolium gymnostachyum | |
| Ecbolium viride | |
| Hypoestes forsskalii | |
| Justicia flava | |
| Justicia heterocarpa | |
| Lepidagathis calycina | |
| Megalochlamys violacea | |
| Peristrophe paniculata | |
| Ruellia patula | |
| Ruellia prostrata | |
| Aizoaceae | Aizoon canariense |
| Zaleya pentandra | |
| Amaranthaceae | Achyranthes aspera |
| Aerva javanica | |
| Aerva lanata | |
| Amaranthus graecizans | |
| Chenopodium carinatum | |
| Chenopodium murale | |
| Dysphania schraderiana | |
| Psilotrichum gnaphalobryum | |
| Pupalia lappacea | |
| Amaryllidaceae | Crinum album |
| Pancratium maximum | |
| Scadoxus multiflorus | |
| Anacardiaceae | Pistacia falcata |
| Rhus natalensis | |
| Rhus retinorrhea | |
| Schinus terebenthifolius | |
| Searsia glutinosa ssp. abyssinica | |
| Apiaceae | Devera triradiata ssp. triradiata |
| Ferula communis | |
| Pimpinella sp. | |
| Torilis arvensis | |
| Apocynaceae | Adenium obesum |
| Angolluma commutata | |
| Angolluma wissmannii | |
| Calotropis procera | |
| Caralluma hexagona | |
| Caralluma penicillatus | |
| Caralluma petrae | |
| Caralluma retrospiciens | |
| Caralluma tuberculata | |
| Carissa edulis | |
| Ceropegia vignaldiana | |
| Cynanchum acutum | |
| Dregea schimperi | |
| Duvalia velutina | |
| Gomphocarpus fruticosus | |
| Gymnema sylvestris | |
| Huernia sp. | |
| Monolluma quadrangula | |
| Pergularia daemia | |
| Periploca aphylla | |
| Periploca somaliensis | |
| Sarcostemma arabicum | |
| Asperagaceae | Asperagus africanus |
| Asperagus falcatus | |
| Asperagus setaceus | |
| Dipcadi viride | |
| Dracaena ombet | |
| Sansevieria ehrenbergii | |
| Sansevieria forsskaliana | |
| Asphodelaceae | Asphodelus fistulosus |
| Asteraceae | Bidens biternata |
| Blumea bovei | |
| Calendula arvensis | |
| Centaurothamnus maximus | |
| Conyza bonariensis | |
| Conyza hochstetteri | |
| Conyza incana | |
| Conyza stricta | |
| Crepis foetida | |
| Echinops erinaceus | |
| Echinops macrochaetus | |
| Felicia abyssinica | |
| Felicia dentata | |
| Filago desertorum | |
| Filago pyramidata | |
| Hedypnois rhagadioloides | |
| Helichrysum glumaceum | |
| Ifloga spicata | |
| Klenia odora | |
| Lactuca dissecta | |
| Lactuca inermis | |
| Lactuca serriola | |
| Launaea massuensis | |
| Launaea mucronata | |
| Launaea nudicaulis | |
| Oesteospermum vaillantii | |
| Onopordon heteracanthum | |
| Pegolettia senegalensis | |
| Phagnalon stenolepis | |
| Picris cynocarpa | |
| Pluchea dioscoridis | |
| Psiadia punctulata | |
| Pulicaria arabica | |
| Pulicaria petiolaris | |
| Pulicaria undulata | |
| Reichardia tingitana var. arabica | |
| Senecio flavus | |
| Senecio lyratus | |
| Sonchus oleraceus | |
| Sonchus tenerrimus | |
| Tagetus minuta | |
| Urospermum picroides | |
| Vernonia cinerascens | |
| Vernonia schimperi | |
| Barbeyaceae | Barbeya oleoides |
| Boraginaceae | Brandella erythraea |
| Cordia monoica | |
| Cordia sinensis | |
| Cynoglossum bottae | |
| Ehretia obtusifolia | |
| Heliotropium longiflorum | |
| Heliotropium strigosum | |
| Heliotropium zeylanicum | |
| Trichodesma africanum | |
| Trichodesma trichodesmoides var. discolor | |
| Brassicaceae | Brassica tournifortii |
| Capsella bursa-pastoris | |
| Eruca sativa | |
| Farsetia longisiliqua | |
| Farsetia stylosa | |
| Matthiola longipetala | |
| Notoceras bicorne | |
| Sisymbrium erysimoides | |
| Sisymbrium irio | |
| Sisymbrium orientale | |
| Burseraceae | Commiphora gileadensis |
| Commiphora habessinica | |
| Commiphora kataf | |
| Commiphora myrrha | |
| Commiphora quadricinta | |
| Cactaceae | Opuntia dellenii |
| Opuntia ficus-indica | |
| Cannabaceae | Celtis africana |
| Campanulaceae | Campanula edulis |
| Wahlenbergia lobelioides ssp. nutabunda | |
| Capparaceae | Boscia angustifolia |
| Cadaba farinosa | |
| Cadaba glandulosa | |
| Cadaba longifolia | |
| Capparis cartilaginea | |
| Capparis tomentosa | |
| Maerua crassifolia | |
| Maerua oblongifolia | |
| Caryophyllaceae | Arenaria foliacea |
| Cometes abyssinica | |
| Minuartia filifolia | |
| Minuartia hybrida | |
| Paronychia arabica | |
| Paronychia chlorothrysa | |
| Pollichia campestris | |
| Polycarpon tetraphyllum | |
| Silene apetala var. gradiflora | |
| Silene asirensis | |
| Silene hochstetteri | |
| Silene linearis | |
| Silene schweinfurthii | |
| Spergula fallax | |
| Stellaria media | |
| Celastraceae | Maytenus parviflora |
| Maytenus senegalensis | |
| Cleomaceae | Cleome gynandra |
| Cleome ramosissima | |
| Combretaceae | Combretum molle |
| Terminalia brownii | |
| Commelinaceae | Aneilema forsskalii |
| Commelina africana | |
| Commelina benghalensis | |
| Commelina forsskalii | |
| Commelina nyctitropa | |
| Convolvulaceae | Convolvulus siculus ssp. Agrestis |
| Evolvulus alsinoides | |
| Ipomoea obscura | |
| Ipomea sinensis ssp. blepharocepala | |
| Ipomoea triflora | |
| Seddera latifolia | |
| Seddera virgata | |
| Crassulaceae | Crassula schimperi |
| Kalanchoe alternans | |
| Kalanchoe citrina | |
| Kalanchoe deficiens | |
| Kalanchoe lanceolata | |
| Sedum hispanicum | |
| Umblicus horizontalis | |
| Cucurbitaceae | Coccinia grandis |
| Cucumis prophetarum | |
| Kedrostis foetidissima | |
| Zahneria anomala | |
| Cupressaceae | Juniperus procera |
| Cyperaceae | Cyperus alternifolius |
| Cyperus bulbosus | |
| Cyperus neoschimperi var. viridis | |
| Cyperus obtusiflorus | |
| Cyperus rotundus | |
| Cyperus rubicundus | |
| Eliocharis geniculata | |
| Fimbristylis ferruginea | |
| Pycerus sanguinolentus | |
| Ebenaceae | Diospyros mespiliformis |
| Euclea schimperi | |
| Ephedraceae | Ephedra fominea |
| Ericaceae | Erica arborea |
| Euphorbiaceae | Acalypha ciliata |
| Acalypha fruticosa | |
| Acalypha indica | |
| Croton lobatus | |
| Chrozophora oblongifolia | |
| Euphorbia cuneata | |
| Euphorbia granulata | |
| Euphorbia inaequilatera | |
| Euphorbia inarticulata | |
| Euphrobia fractiflexa | |
| Euphorbia peplus | |
| Jatropha glauca | |
| Jatropha pelargoniifolia | |
| Ricinus communis | |
| Gentianaceae | Centaurium pulchellum |
| Swertia woodii | |
| Geraniaceae | Erodium neuradifolium |
| Geranium biuncinatum | |
| Geranium mascatense | |
| Pelargonium multibracteatum | |
| Iridaceae | Gladiolus dellenii |
| Lamiaceae | Lavandula coronopifolia |
| Leucas alba | |
| Leucas glabrata | |
| Leucas urticifolia | |
| Micromeria biflora | |
| Micromeria imbricata | |
| Ocimum filamentosum | |
| Ocimum forsskaolii | |
| Orthosiphon pallidus | |
| Otostegia fruticosa | |
| Plectranthus asirensis | |
| Plectranthus comosus | |
| Plectranthus pseudomarrubioides | |
| Plectranthus tenuiflorus | |
| Premna resinosa | |
| Salvia aegyptiaca | |
| Scutallaria rubicunda ssp. subvelutinum | |
| Leguminosae | Abrus precatorius |
| Acacia abyssinica | |
| Acacia asak | |
| Acacia etbaica | |
| Acacia hamulosa | |
| Acacia origena | |
| Astragalus pelcinus | |
| Crotalaria aegyptiaca | |
| Crotalaria emarginella | |
| Crotalaria microphylla | |
| Delonix elata | |
| Glycine wightii ssp. longicauda | |
| Indigofera colutea | |
| Indigofera oblongifolia |
| Leguminosae | Indigofera hochstetteri |
| Indigofera spinosa | |
| Indigofera trita ssp. subulata | |
| Indigofera volkensii | |
| Lotononis platicarpa | |
| Medicago laciniata | |
| Medicago polymorpha | |
| Ononis reclinata | |
| Rhynchosia malacophylla | |
| Rhynchosia totta | |
| Rhynchosia variegata | |
| Tamarindus indica | |
| Tephrosia nubica | |
| Trifolium arvense | |
| Trifolium campestre | |
| Vermifrux abyssinica | |
| Vicia sativa ssp.nigra | |
| Vigna macrorhyncha | |
| Vigna membranacea ssp. membranaceae | |
| Linaceae | Linum corymbulosum |
| Linum trigynum | |
| Linum usitatissimum | |
| Loranthaceae | Oncocalyx schimperi |
| Plicosepalus curviflorus | |
| Lythraceae | Lawsonia inermis |
| Woodfordia fruticosa | |
| Malvaceae | Abutilon bidentatum |
| Abutilon fruticosum | |
| Abutilon pannosum | |
| Abutilon ramosum | |
| Hibiscus aponeurus | |
| Hibiscus deflersii | |
| Hibiscus micranthus | |
| Hibiscus vitifolius | |
| Malva parviflora | |
| Pavonia burchellii | |
| Pavonia glechomifolia | |
| Sida ovata | |
| Menispermaceae | Cocculus hirsutus |
| Cocculus pendulus | |
| Molluginaceae | Gisekia pharnaceoides |
| Glinus lotoides | |
| Mollugo nudicaulis | |
| Moraceae | Dorstenia foetida |
| Ficus cordata ssp. salicifolia | |
| Ficus glumosa | |
| Ficus ingens | |
| Ficus palmata | |
| Ficus psycomorus | |
| Ficus vasta | |
| Nyctaginaceae | Boerhavia repens |
| Commicarpus ambiguus | |
| Commicarpus grandiflorus | |
| Commicarpus plumbagineus | |
| Ochnaceae | Ochna inermis |
| Oleaceae | Jasminum grandiflorum |
| Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata | |
| Orchidaceae | Eulophia guineensis |
| Eulophia petersii | |
| Holothrix arachnoidea | |
| Orobanchaceae | Alectra parasitica |
| Orobanche cernua | |
| Orohanche minor | |
| Orobanche pubescens | |
| Orobanche ramosa | |
| Striga gesnerioides | |
| Oxalidaceae | Oxalis corniculata |
| Papaveraceae | Fumaria parviflora |
| Passifloraceae | Adenia venenata |
| Peraceae | Clutia lanceolata |
| Phyllanthaceae | Andrachene aspera |
| Fluggea virosa | |
| Phyllanthus maderaspatensis | |
| Phyllanthus rotundifolius | |
| Plantaginaceae | Antirrhinum orontium |
| Kickxia acerbiana | |
| Kickxia aegyptiaca | |
| Kickxia hastata | |
| Kickxia pseudoscoparia | |
| Linaria simplex | |
| Plantago afra | |
| Plantago albicans | |
| Plantago amplexicaulis | |
| Plantago cylindrica | |
| Veronica anagalloides | |
| Veronica apaca | |
| Plumbaginaceae | Plumbago zeylanica |
| Poaceae | Andropogon distachyos |
| Anthephora nigritana | |
| Aristida adscensionis | |
| Aristida mutabilis | |
| Arthraxon prionodes | |
| Avena barbata | |
| Brachiaria deflexa | |
| Brachiaria leersiodes | |
| Brachiaria ovalis | |
| Brachiaria ramosa | |
| Brachypodium distchyon | |
| Bromus pectinatus | |
| Castellia tuberculata | |
| Catapodium rigidum | |
| Cenchrus ciliaris | |
| Cenchrus pennisetiformis | |
| Cenchrus setigerus | |
| Chrysopogon plumulosus | |
| Cymbopogon commutatus | |
| Cynodon dactylon | |
| Dactyloctenium scindicum | |
| Dichanthium annulatum | |
| Digitaria ciliaris | |
| Digitaria nodosa | |
| Digitaria velutina | |
| Echinochloa colona | |
| Eleusine multiflora | |
| Elionurus royleanus | |
| Ennaepogon desvauxii | |
| Ennaepogon lophotrichus | |
| Enneapogon persicus | |
| Enteropogon macrostachyos | |
| Eragrostis aspera | |
| Eragrostis barrelieri | |
| Eragrostis ciliaris | |
| Eragrostis papposa | |
| Gastridium pleoides | |
| Harpachene schimperi | |
| Hyparrhenia hirta | |
| Lamarckia aurea | |
| Leptothrium senegalense | |
| Melanocenchris abyssinica | |
| Melinis repens | |
| Oropetium minimum | |
| Panicum atrosanguineum | |
| Panicum coloratum | |
| Panicum maximum | |
| Pennisetum setaceum | |
| Polypogon monsepeliensis | |
| Polypogon viridis | |
| Rostraria pumila | |
| Saccharum spontaneum | |
| Sehima nervosum | |
| Setaria verticillata | |
| Setaria viridis | |
| Sporobolus ioclados | |
| Sporobolus pellucidus | |
| Stipagrostis ciliata | |
| Stipagrostis foexiana | |
| Stipagrostis uniplumis | |
| Tetrapogon cenchriformis | |
| Tetrapogon tenellus | |
| Tetrapogon villosus | |
| Themeda triandra | |
| Tragus berteronianus Schultes | |
| Tricholaena teneriffae | |
| Tripogon africanus | |
| Tripogon montanus | |
| Vulpia muralis | |
| Polygalaceae | Polygala abyssinica |
| Polygala erioptera | |
| Polygala senensis | |
| Polygonaceae | Oxygonum sinuatum |
| Rumex nervosus | |
| Rumex vesicarius | |
| Portulacaceae | Portulaca grandiflora |
| Portulaca kermesina | |
| Portulaca oleracea | |
| Portulaca quadrifida | |
| Talinum portulacifolium | |
| Primulaceae | Anagallis arvensis |
| Myrsine africana | |
| Samolus valerandi | |
| Pteridophytes | |
| Adiantaceae | Adiantum incisum |
| Onychium divaricatum | |
| Aspleniaceae | Asplenium aethiopicum |
| Asplenium trichomanes | |
| Asplenium officinarum | |
| Cheilanthes coriacea | |
| Cheilanthes marantae | |
| Cheilanthes pteridioides | |
| Cheilanthes vellea | |
| Pteridaceae | Actinopteris semiflabellata |
| Selaginellaceae | Selaginella imbricata |
| Ranunculaceae | Clematis hirsuta |
| Resedaceae | Caylusea hexagyna |
| Ochradenus baccatus | |
| Rhamnaceae | Rhamnus disperma |
| Rhamnus lycoides | |
| Sageretia thea | |
| Ziziphus mucronata | |
| Ziziphus spina-christi | |
| Rubiaceae | Breonadia salicina |
| Coptosperma graveolens | |
| Galium aparine | |
| Galium setaceum ssp. decaisnei | |
| Kohautia caespitosa | |
| Oldenlandia capensis | |
| Pavetta longiflora | |
| Pentas lanceolata | |
| Psydrax schimperiana | |
| Pyrostria phyllanthoidea | |
| Sherardia arvensis | |
| Tarenna graveolens ssp. arabica | |
| Valantia hispida | |
| Rutaceae | Teclea nobilis |
| Salvadoraceae | Dobera glabra |
| Salvadora persica | |
| Santalaceae | Osyris quadripartita |
| Sapindaceae | Cardiospermum corindum |
| Dodonaea angustifolia | |
| Sapotaceae | Mimusops laurifolia |
| Scrophulariaceae | Buddleja polystachya |
| Craterostigma pumilum | |
| Lindenbergia indica | |
| Scrophularia arguta | |
| Verbascum bottae | |
| Solanaceae | Lycium shawii |
| Nicotiana glauca | |
| Solanum forsskalii | |
| Solanum incanum | |
| Solanum nigrum | |
| Solanum schimperianum | |
| Solanum villosum | |
| Withania somnifera | |
| Sterculiaceae | Melhania ovata |
| (Malvaceae sub fam. Dombeyieae) | Melhania philippsiae |
| Melhania velutina | |
| Stilbaceae | Nuxia oppositifolia |
| Tiliaceae | Corchorus depressus |
| (Malvaceae sub fam. Grewioideae) | Corchorus trilocularis |
| Grewia erythraea | |
| Grewia tembensis | |
| Grewia tenax | |
| Grewia velutina | |
| Grewia villosa | |
| Triumfetta flavescens | |
| Triumfetta heterocarpa | |
| Typhaceae | Typha domingensis |
| Urticaceae | Forsskaolea tenacissima |
| Forsskaolea viride | |
| Parietaria alsinifolia | |
| Parietaria umbricola | |
| Urtica urens | |
| Verbenaceae | Lantana rugosa |
| Lantana viburnoides | |
| Vitaceae | Cissus quadrangularis |
| Cissus rotundifolius | |
| Cyphostemma digitatum | |
| Xanthorrhoeaceae | Aloe rubroviolacea |
| Aloe sabea | |
| Zygophyllaceae | Fagonia bruguieri |
| Tribulus terrestris |