Hail
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Topography

              The Hail (Hayil) region of Saudi Arabia, located between 250 35` and 290 00` N longitudes and 390 01` and 440 45` E latitudes, is an exposed complex of Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is part of the vast phanerozoic formations that overlap the northern and eastern edge of the Arabian Shield.  The Hail region covers an area of 118,322 sq. km (= 445,684 sq. miles). It is named after the large Wadi Hail (formerly called Al-Odair valley) in the Shammar Mountain region and is bordered in the north by Al-Jauf and Northern Frontier Emirates, to the west by Tabuk and Medina Al-Munawarra regions, to the south by Qassim Province and to the east by Central and Eastern Provinces. The study area is characterized by several landscape units, such as isolated mountains, peneplains, escarpments, wadis and sand-seas. The Hail valley extends to the north-east through a narrow corridor linking the city with the Shamrah Mountain.

 

The Shammar Mountains form a major feature of Hail region. It has of two mountain ranges namely Aja, made up of granite and Salma composed of basalt. The entire region is about 1000 m high and the height of the mountains varies from 100-600 m. Jabal Aja situated between Hail town and the An Nafud desert is the largest mountain in the study area.  The principal part of Hail is composed of Nafud desert, covering about 64,000 sq. km and composed of reddish sand. It lies at an elevation of 900 m from sea level. The sands are stained red because of the iron oxide coating on the sand grains. The desert is believed to be the product of Quaternary episodes of increased Aeolian activity and composed of 60-120 m high barchanoid and transverse dunes. Major parts of the desert is formed of sand dunes. However, interdunal depressions can also be observed with relatively thin sand cover. An-Nafud, the second largest desert in the Arabian Peninsula. It is connected to the largest Arabian Desert in the south, the Rub’a al Khali (the Empty Quarter), by Ad-Dahna belt, a narrow curved sand body separating the central Najd from Eastern Arabia.

            Hail Region js relatively an excellent area for pasturage. Over the years, due to intense grazing and unsustainable use of the region's resources, the area has changed into a less productive one with a few shrubs and trees (mainly Acacias) in wadis and foothills. However, the region's mountains housed a number of endemic and rare species, some of which are not present in any other part of Saudi Arabia.

 

Climate

             The weather system of Hail Region is generally arid to extra arid. It is influenced by two main pressures, namely Siberian high in winter and tropical low in summer. It is also influenced by Saudi Arabia’s unique topography with mountains bordering on the west and the Najd Plateau on south and east. The sun-rays, as in other parts of Saudi Arabia, are intense and seldom diffused by clouds. Summer temperatures typically rise as high as 50 0C during day time with diurnal variation of about 25 0C. Winter temperatures hover around freezing at night especially at higher altitudes although the ground occasionally freezes and daytime temperatures nearly always reach 25 0C in the sun. The wind in the Hail emirate comes from the north or northwest and is a great evaporative force causing immense physical damage. At certain times of the year, especially during spring, the wind builds up 4-5 days severe dust storms known as ‘Shamals’ in which air is full of grit (sand + silt), often rise to hundreds of meters. The rainfall is erratic. The main source of precipitation in the region is from the winter cyclones originating from the Mediterranean Sea and eastern Atlantic Ocean. Although most of the precipitation of this region is from winter storms, summer storms from the south western region also have an insgnificant share in some years. Snow fall and hail storms are also not uncommon during the winter months.

 

Vegetation         

            Vegetation of the mountains  is influenced by the floras of Mediterranean countries, while that of the An Nafud sand seas, open plains and wadis are related to the floras of Saharo Arabian and Irano-Turranean phytogeographical regions. Though the vegetation of various landscape units are clearly distinguished in most places, the borders between units in certain areas (such as in the north-east and south-east of the study area) are difficult to demarcate because of overlapping. Rhus tripartita is one of the major components of the vegetation of the mountains followed by Ficus palmata. Other important perennials include Cymbapogon commutatus, Periploca aphylla, Gomphocarpus sinaicus, Pergularia tomentosa, Blepharis ciliaris and Trichodesma spp.. The east facing mountainous sides are somewhat steep and generally devoid of any significant diversity. Nevertheless, species such as Rhus tripartita, Aerva javanica, Cenchrus ciliaris, Ephedra foliata and Astragalus spinosa forms into small communities in shades and crevices. The shaded areas of the mountains on the north western parts, on the other hand, have a rich floristic composition. Although the vegetation is spread over the shaded areas, majority of plants can be seen along ravines and ditches where sand and silt accumulate during rainy season. Representative plants in these areas include: Noaea mucronata, Heliathemum kahiricum, Gymnocarpos decandrum, Ballota undulata, Silene schweinfurthia, Paracaryum rugulosum, etc.

 

            At lower altitudes the terrain is composed of large boulders and gravels. Vegetation in this part is dominated by Ochradenus baccatus, Zoegea purpurea, Aerva javanica, Pennisetum setaceum, Astragalus spinosus, Teucrium polium, Lycium shawii, Fagonia indica, etc., whereas in the foothills Haloxylon salicornicum is dominant among the shrublet category, associated with Zilla spinosa, Rhanterium epapposum and Astragalus sieberi.

 

            The wadi system in the Hail Region, in general, is part of the Wadi Rimah drainage. Acacia gerrardii is the major component dominating in these wadis, along with occasional shrubs such as Lycium shawii, Ochradenus baccatus, Rhazya stricta, Convolvulus oxyphyllus, Zilla spinosa, Senna italica, Pulicaria undulata and Rhanterium epappsoum. In general four vegetation groups are present in the region. They are annual vegetation cover, Haloxylon persicum-Artemisia monosperma-Stipagrostis drarii community, Calligonum comosum-Artemisia monosperma-Scrophularia hypercifolia community and ecotone communities. The ecotone community is further divided into Haloxylon-Calligonum-Pituranthos triradiatus-Scrophularia community and Rhanterium-Calligonum-Pituranthos-Scrophularia community.  These communities have remarkable representation in sand dunes such as lower dune and upper dune or middle dune areas. However, Calligonum-Artemisia-Scrophularia community is the most widely spread plant groups in the entire Nafud area.

 

            Majority of species in the Hail region are annuals. The representation of trees is insignificant, represented by only 1%. Members of Composite dominate the flora (Asteraceae-71 species) followed by Gramineae (Poaceae –37 species), Cruciferae (Brassicaceae – 36 species), Caryophyllaceae (24 species) and Leguminosae (Fabaceae - 21 species). 24 families are monotypic. The largest genus in the flora is Plantago (Plantaginaceae) with 10 species, followed by Astragalus (Leguminosae) with 9 species.   

Flora of Hail Region  (Species present in Jabal Aja are marked with an Asterisk (*)

 

ACANTHACEAE
*Blepharis ciliaris
(L.) B.L. Burtt.

AIZOACEAE
*Aizoon canariense L.

*Aizoon hispanicum L. 
*Mesembryanthemum nodiflorurn
L.
 

AMARANTHACEAE 

*Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schultes

Agathophora alopecuroides (Del.) Fenzl

*Amaranthus graecizans L.

*Amaranthus viridis L.

Atriplex dimorphostegia Kar. & Kir.

Bassia muricata (L.) Asch.

*Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima (L.) Arcang.

*Chenopodium murale L.

Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pallas) M. Bieb.

Halothamnus iraqensis Botsch.  

Haloxylon persicum Bunge ex Boiss.

*Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge 

*Noaea mucronata (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf.

Salsola cyclophylla Baker

*Salsola imbricata Forssk.

Salsola tetrandra Forssk. 

Suaeda aegyptiaca (Hasselq,) Zoh.

Suaeda vermiculata  Forssk.

 

AMARYLLIDACEAE 
Allium atroviolaceum
Boiss.
Allium sinaiticum
Boiss.
Allium sindjarense
Boiss. & Hasskn.

*Allium stamineum Boiss.


ANACARDIACEAE 
*Rhus tripartita
(Urica) Grande
 

APIACEAE / UMBELLIFERAE

Anisosciadium isosciadium Bornm.

*Anisosciadium lanatum Boiss.

Deverra triradiata ssp. triradiata (Hochst.) Aschers

*Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss.
Ferula communis
var. communis L.
Foeniculum vulgare
Mill.
Pimpinella puberula
(DC.) Boiss.

*Scandix pecten-veneris L.

*Torilis leptophylla (L.) Reichb. f.

 
APOCYNACEAE

(including subfamily- Asclepiadoideae)

Gomphocarpus sinaicus Boiss.

Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov.

Pergularia tomentosa L.

Periploca aphylla Decne

Rhazya stricta Decne

 

ASPARAGACEAE

*Leopoldia tenuiflora (Tausch) Heldr.

 

BORAGINACEAE

Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss.

Anchusa milleri Willd.
*Arnebia decumbens (Vent.) Coss. & Kral
*Arnebia hispidissima
(Lehm.) DC.
*Arnebia linearifolia
DC.

*Asperugo procumbens L. 
Buglossoides arvensis
(L.) I.M. Johnston
*Echium horridum
Batt.
*Gastrocotyle hispida
(Forssk.) Bunge
Heliotropium bacciferum
Forssk. .
Heliotropium digynum
(Forssk.) Asch. 
*Heliotropium ramosissimum
(Lehm.) DC.
*Heterocaryum szovitsianum
(Fisch. & Mey) A. DC.

*Lappula sinaica (DC.) Aschers.
*Lappula spinocarpos
ssp. ceratophora (Popov.) Y.J. Nasir
Moltkiopsis ciliata
(Forssk.) I.M. Johnston

*Paracaryum rugulosum (DC.) Boiss.

*Trichodesma africanum var. africanum (L.) R.Br.
 

BRASSICACEAE /CRUCIFERAE

*Alyssum homalocarpum (Fischer & Meyer) Boiss.

Anastatica hierochuntica L.

Arabidopsis erisymoides Hedge & Kit Tan

*Brassica tournefortii Guan.

Cakile arabica Velen. & Bornm.

*Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medikus

*Carrichtera annua (L.) DC.

*Clypeola aspera (Guauer) Turril

*Clypeola jonthlaspi L.

*Diplotaxis acris (Forssk.) Boiss.

Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC.

Eremobium aegyptiacum ssp. lineare (Del.) Boiss.

*Eruca sativa Miller

*Farsetia aegyptia Turra

Farsetia burtoniae Oliver.

Farsetia stylosa R.Br.

*Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagr.

Horwoodia dicksoniae Turril

*Isatis lusitanica L.

Lepidium aucheri Boiss.

*Lepidium draba L.

*Malcolmia africana (L.) R.Br.

Maresia pygmaea (Del.) O. Schulz

Matthiola arabica Boiss.

*Matthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC.

Morettia canescens Boiss.

*Morettia parviflora Boiss.

Moricandia sinaica (Boiss.) Boiss.

*Neotorularia torulosa (Desf.) Hedge & Leonard

Notoceras bicorne (Aiton f.) Amo

Raphanus sativus L.

*Savignya parviflora (Del.) Webb

Schimpera arabica Hochst. & Steudel

*Sisymbrium irio L.

*Sisymbrium orientale L.

*Zilla spinosa (L.) Prantl.

 
CAMPANULACEAE

*Wahlerbergia campanuloides (Del.) Vatke.

 

CAPPARACEAE  
*Capparis spinosa
var. mucronifolia  (L.) Boiss.

*Cleome amblyocarpa Barr. & Murb.

*Cleome rupicola Vicary
 

CAPRIFOLIACEAE
*Valerianella oxyrhyncha
Fisch. & Mey
 

CARYOPHYLLACEAE
*Arenaria foliacea
Trurril 

Dianthus cyri Fisch & C.A. Mey.
*Gymnocarpos decander
Forssk.
*Gypsophila capillaris
(Forssk.) C. Christ.
Gypsophila viscosa
Murray
Herniaria hemistemon
J. Gay
*Herniaria hirsuta
L.
*Loeflingia hispanica
L.

*Minuartia meyeri (Boiss.) Bornm.
*Paronychia arabica
(L.) DC.
*Paronychia chlorothyrsa
Murb.
*Petrorhagia cretica
(L.) P. Ball & Heywood
*Polycarpaea repens
(Forssk.) Aschers. & Schweinf.
*Polycarpaea robbairea
(Kuntze) Greauter & Burdet
*Polycarpon tetraphyllum
(L.) L.
*Pteranthus dichotomus
Forssk.
*Sclerocephalus arabicus
Boiss.

*Silene apetala Willd.
*Silene arabica
Boiss.
*Silene linearis
Decne.

*Silene schweinfurthii Rohrb.

*Silene villosa Forssk. 
*Spergula fallax (Lowe) Krause
*Spergularia diandra
(Guss.) Heldr. & Sart.
 

CISTACEAE

*Helianthemum aegyptiacum (L.) Mill.

*Helianthemum kahiricum Del.

*Helianthemum ledifolium (L.) Mill.
*Helianthemum lippii
(L.) Doum.- Cours.
 

COLCHICACEAE

*Colchicum ritchii R.Br.
 

COMPOSITAE /ASTERACEAE

*Aaronsohnia factorovskyi Warb. & Eig.

Acantholepis orientalis Less. 
Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.) Schi.- Bip.. 
Anthemis deserti Boiss.

Anthemus edumea Eig.
Anthemis melampodina Del.
*Anthemis pseudocotula Boiss.
Anthemis scrobicularis Yavin 
Anthemis sheilae Ghafoor & Al-Turki
*Anvillea garcinii (Burm.f.) DC.
Anvillea radiata Coss. & Durr.
*Artemisia judaica L. 
Artemisia monosperma Del.
Artemisia sieberi Besser    
*Atractylis cancellata L.
Atractylis carduus (Forssk.) C. Christ.
Atractylis mernephthae Aschi. Schweinf.

*Calendula arvensis L.
Calendula tripterocarpa
Rupr.

*Carduus pycnocephalus var. pycnocephalus L.
*Carthamus nitidus
Boiss.
*Carthamus oxyacantha
M. Bieb..
Centaurea ammocyanus
Boiss.
Centaurea bruguierana
ssp. berlangerana
*Centaurea eryngioides
Lam.
Centaurea mesopotamica
Bornm.
*Centaurea pseudosinaica
Czerp.
Centaurea scoparia
Sieb. ex. Spreng.
*Centaurea sinaica
DC.
*Conyza bonariensis
(L.) Cronq.
*Crepis kotschyana
(Boiss.) Boiss.
*Echinops glaberrimus
DC.
Echinops hystrichoides
Kit-Tan
*Filago desertorum
Pomel

*Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.) Mohr
*Gymnarrhena micrantha
Desf.

*Hedypnois rhagadioloides (L.) F.W. Schmidt  
*Ifloga spicata
(Forssk.) Sch.- Bip.
*Koelpinia linearis
Pallas

*Lasiopogon muscoides (Desf.) DC.
*Lasiospermum brachyglossum
DC.
Launaea angustifolia
ssp. arabica (Boiss.) H. Lindb.
Launaea capitata
(Spreng.) Dandy
Launaea fragilis
(Asso.) Pau
Launaea mucronata
(Forssk.) Muschl.
*Launaea nudicaulis
(L.) Hook.f.
Leontodon laciniatus
(Bertol) Widder
*Leysera leyseroides
(Desf.) Maire

*Matricaria aurea (Loefl.) Sch.- Bip.
*Osteospermum vaillantii
(Decne.) Norlindh

*Pallaenis heirochuntica (Michon) Greater
*Phagnalon schweinfurthii
var. androssovii (B.Fedtch.) Qaiser & Lack.
Picris babylonica
Hand-Mazz.
*Picris cyanocarpa
Boiss.
*Pulicaria incisa
ssp. incisa (Lam.) DC.

*Pulicaria undulata (L.) C.A. May

*Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn.
*Reichardia tingitana 
(L.) Roth.
*Rhanterium epapposum
Oliv.
Scorzonera intricata
Boiss.
*Scorzonera papposa
DC.
*Scorzonera schweinfurthii
Boiss.

Scorzonera syriaca Boiss. & Bl.
Scorzonera tortuosissima
Boiss.
*Senecio flavus
(Decne.) Sch.-Bip. ex A. Rich.
*Senecio glaucus
L.
Senecio vulgaris
L.
Sonchus asper
(L.) Hill.

*Sonchus oleraceus L.
Tripleurospermum auriculatum
(Boiss.) Rech. f.

*Zoegea purpurea Fresen.

 

CONVOLVULACEAE

*Convolvulus arvensis L.

*Convolvulus oxyphyllus ssp. oxycladus Rech. f.
Convolvulus pilosellifolius
Desr.
*Cuscuta planiflora
Tenore

CRASSULACEAE
*Crassula alata (Viv.) Berger

*Sedum hispanicum L.

*Umbilicus horizontalis (Guss.) DC.

 

CUCURBITACEAE

*Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrader

*Cucumis prophetarum var. prophetarum L.

 

CYNOMORIACEAE  
Cynomorium coccineum L.

 

CYPERACEAE
Cyperus conglomeratus Rottb. 

Cyperus macrorrhizus Nees

*Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) Sojak

DIPSACACEAE

*Pterocephalus brevis Coult. 
*Scabiosa olivieri Coult.  

*Scabiosa palaestina L.

EPHEDRACEAE 
Ephedra alata Decne.
*Ephedra foliata
Boiss. ex C.A. May

 

EUPHORBIACEAE
Acalypha fruticosa var. fruticosa Forssk.
*Andrachne aspera Spreng. 

*Andrachne telephioides L. 

*Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) Raf.
Euphorbia arabica Hochst. & Wteyd,

*Euphorbia chamaepeplus Boiss. & Gail.

*Euphorbia granulata var. granulata Forssk.

Euphorbia helioscopia L.

*Euphorbia hirta L.
*Euphorbia peplus
L.
Euphorbia retusa
Forssk.
Euphorbia schimperiana
Scheele
Euphorbia serpens
Kunth

*Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L.
 

 

 

 

FRANKENIACEAE 

Frankenia revoluta Forssk.
 

GENTIANACEAE 
*Centaurium pulchellum (SW.) Druce
 

GERANIACEAF 
Erodium ciconium (L,) L'Her

*Erodium cicutarium (L,) L'Her
Erodium glaucophyllum
(L,) L'Her
*Erodium laciniatum var. laciniatum
(Cav.) Willd.
*Erodium laciniatum
var.. pulverulentum (Cav.) Willd.

Erodium oxyrhynchum var. oxyrhynchum M. Bieb.
*Geranium biuncinatum
Kokwaro
*Geranium mascatense
Boiss.
*Geranium molle
L.

*Geranium rotundifolium L.

Monsonia nivea (Decne.) Decne. ex Webb.
 

IRIDACEAE  

*Moraea sisyrinchium (L.) Ker Gawl.
 

JUNCACEAE
*Juncus bufonius L.

 

 LAMIACEAE  / LABIATAE                 
*Ballota undulata
(Sieb. ex Fresen.) Benth.
*Lallemantia royleana
(Benth.) Benth.

*Lavandula coronopifolia Poir.
*Lavandula pubescens
Decne.

*Mentha longifolia ssp. schimperi (Briq.) Briq.
*Micromeria imbricata
(Forssk.) C. Christens.
*Salvia deserti
Decne.
*Salvia lanigera
Poir.
*Salvia spinosa
L.
*Teucrium oliverianum
Ging. ex Benth.
*Teucrium polium
L.

 

LEGUMINOSAE .
*Acacia gerrardii var. negevensis Zoh.

*Astragalus atropilosus (Hochst.) Bunge
Astragalus bombycinus
Boiss.
Astragalus collenettiae
Hedge & Podl..
Astragalus hamosus
L.
Astragalus kahiricus
DC.
*Astragalus schimperi
Boiss.
*Astragalus sieberi
DC.

*Astragalus spinosus (Forssk.) Muschl.
*Astragalus tribuloides
Del.
*Hippocrepis areolata
Desv.
*Hippocrepis unisiliquosa
ssp. bisiliqua (Forssk.) Bornm.
*Lotononis platycarpa
(Viv.) Pichi.- Serm. .
*Medicago laciniata
var. laciniata (L.) Mill.
Onobrychis ptolemaica
(Del.) DC.
*Ononis sicula
Guss..
Prosopis juliflora
(SW.) DC.  
*Senna italica Miller.

*Trigonella hamosa L.
*Trigonella stellata Forssk.
*Vicia monantha Retz. 

LILIACEAE

*Gagea reticulata (Pall.) J.A. & J. H. Schultes
 

MALVACEAE
*Althaea ludwigii
L.
*Hibiscus micranthus
L.
*Malva parviflora
L.

 

MORACEAE
*Ficus palmata
Forssk.

 

NEURADACEAE  
Neurada procumbens L.

 

NITRARIACEAE
Peganum harmala
L.

 

NYCTAGINACEAE

*Boerhavia repens L. 

Commicarpus arabicus Meikle
 

OROBANCHACEAE

*Cistanche phelypaea (L.) Cout.

*Orobanche cernua var. cernua Loefl.

 

PAPAVERACEAE
*Fumaria parviflora
Lam.
*Hypecoum pendulum
L.

*Papaver decaisnei Hochst. & Steudel.

*Papaver dubium var. laevigatum (M. Bieb.) Kadereit
*Roemeria hybrida
ssp. dodecandra (Forssk.) E. A. Durande & Barratte.
 

PLANTAGINACEAE

*Antirrhinum orontium L.

Kickxia acerbiana (Boiss.) Tackh. & Boulos

*Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nab.

*Kickxia pseudoscoparia V.W. Smith

*Linaria haelava (Forssk.) Del.

*Plantago afra L.

Plantago amplexicaulis Cav.

*Plantago boissieri Hausskn. & Bornm.

*Plantago ciliata Desf.

*Plantago coronopus L.

Plantago cylindrica Forssk.

*Plantago ovata Forssk.

Plantago psammophila Agnew & Chalabi-Ka'bi

*Veronica anagallis-aquatica ssp. anagallis-aquatica L.


PLUMBAGINACEAE

*Limonium lobatum (L.f.) Chaz.

 

POACEAE /GRAMINEAE
*Aegilops kotschyi Boiss.
*Aristida adscensionis
L.
*Avena fatua
L.

Avena sterilis ssp. sterilis L.
*Brachypodium distachyum
(L.) Beauv.

*Bromus danthoniae Trin.

Bromus fasciculatus Presl.

*Bromus sericeus Drobov.

*Cenchrus ciliaris L.

Cenchrus pennisetiformis Hochst. & Stedudel ex Steudel

Centropodia forsskaolii (Vahl) Cope

Centropodia fragilis (Guinet & Sauvage) Cope

Cutandia memphitica (Sprengel) K. Richter

*Cymbopogon commutatus (Steudel) Stapf.

*Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Enneapogon desvauxii P. Beauv.

*Enneapogon persicus Boiss.

*Eragrostis barrelieri Dav.

Eragrostis minor Host

*Hordeum murinum ssp. glaucum L.

*Hordeum spontaneum K. Koch

*Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf

*Lamarckia aurea Moench

*Oropetium capense Stapf

*Oryzopsis holciformis (M. Bieb.) Hack.

Pennisetum orientale L.C. Rich

*Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov.

*Phalaris minor Retz.

*Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.

*Rostraria cristata (L.) Tzvelev

*Rostraria pumila (Desf.) Tzvelev

*Schismus barbatus (L.) Thell.

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.

*Stipa capensis Thunb.

Stipagrostis drarii (Tackh. de Wint.

Stipagrostis hirtigluma (Steudel. ex Trin.) & Rupr.) de Wint.

*Stipagrostis obtusa (Del.) Nees

*Tetrapogon villosus Desf.
Themeda triandra
Forssk.
Tragus racemosus
(L.) All.
Tricholaena teneriffae
 (L.f.) Link.
*Trisetaria chaudharyana
H. Scholz

*Vulpia sp.
 

POLYGALACEAE  
Polygala abyssinica R. Br.
Polygala negevensis
Danin

Polygala schwartziana Paiva
 

POLYGONACEAE  
Calligonum comosum
L'Her.

*Emex spinosa (L.) Campd.

*Polygonum argyrocoleum Steudel ex Kunze
Rumex pictus
Forssk.
*Rumex vesicarius
L.

PORTULACACEAE

*Portulaca oleracea L.

 

PRIMULACEAE  
*Anagallis arvensis var. caerulea (L.) Gouan

 

PTERIDOPHYTES

  

ACROSTICHACEAE

Acrostichum aureum L.

 

ADIANTACEAE

*Adiantum capillus-veneris L.

*Cheilanthes coriacea Decne.

*Cheilanthes villea (Aiton) Domin
 

RESEDACEAE
*Caylusea hexagyna (Forssk.) M. L. Green
*Ochradenus arabicus
Chaudhary, Hillocat & A.G. Miller
*Ochradenus baccatus
Del.

*Oligomeris linifolia (Vahl) J.F. Macbr.
Reseda arabica
Boiss.

RHAMNACEAE  

*Ziziphus nummularia  (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn.

Ziziphus spina-Christi var. spina-Christi (L.) Willd. 

RUBIACEAE
*Callipeltis cucullaris 
(L.) Stev.
Crucianella membranacea
Boiss.
*Galium aparine
L.
*Galium setaceum Lam.
*Pterogaillonia calycoptera
(Decne.) Lincz.
 

RUTACEAE

Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) A. Juss.
 

SANTALACEAE

*Thesium humile Vahl

 

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Scrophularia deserti Del.

Veronica anagallis-aquatica ssp. anagallis-aquatica L.


SOLANACEAE
Datura metel
L.
Hyoscyamus muticus
L.
*Hyoscyamus pusillus
L.
*Lycium shawii
Roem. & Schult.
*Solanum nigrum
L.

*Solanum villosum Mill.
*Withania somnifera
(L.) Dun.

 

TAMARICACEAE
Tamarix aphylla
(L.) Karst.


THYMELACEAE
Thymelaea mesopotamica
(C. Jeffrey) B. Peterson

URTICACEAF
*Forsskaolea tenacissima
L.
*Parietaria alsinifolia
Del.

 

XANTHORRHOEACEAE
*Asphodelus tenuifolius
Cav.

Asphodelus refractus Boiss.

Asphodelus viscidulus Boiss.
 

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
*Fagonia bruguieri
DC.
*Fagonia glutinosa
Del.

*Fagonia indica Burm f.

Fagonia olivieri DC.

*Seetzenia lanata (Willd.) Bullock.

Tetraena simplex (L.) Beier & Thulin
*Tribulus terrestris
var. terrestris L.

Zygophyllum propinquum ssp. migahidii (Hadidi) J. Thomas & Chaudh.

 

Written, designed and maintained by Dr. Jacob Thomas Pandalayil, Dept. of Botany & Microbiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia